F 124 
.1173 



\»jr 



EOGDA 



OF 



NEW YORK 



Harmon B.Niver 

NEW YORK EDITION 




HINDS, HA 1 ! 



GEOGRAPHY 



OF 



NKW YORK STATE 



BY 

HARMON B. NIVER, A.M. 

01 "GEOGRAPHl BT GRADES," 01 ENGLAND, 1 

AND OTHER SCHOOL TEXTS 



Bi II irmon B. N i\ i:k 



HINDS, HAYDEN & ELDREDGE, [nc. 

11 UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK CITY 



h24 



Wi* 



ANALYSIS AXD MAP STUDIES 



ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT 

I. Location. (1) In United State* and in state group; 
in latitude and longitude. (2) Boundaries — ■ natural and 
mathematical ; bordering states and country. 

II. Size and Population. (1) Compare with other 
neighboring states. (2) Compute number of persons to 
square mile. What states are more thickly settled than 
New York? (3) Parts of state most thickly settled. 

III. Surface. (1) Highlands — Adirondack region, 
Cat skill region, Highlands of the Hudson, Allegheny 
Plateau. (2) Lowlands — Hudson Valley, Champlain 
Valley, Mohawk Valley, Lake Plains, minor river valleys. 

IV. Rivers and River Systems. (1) Divides between 
river basins. (2) In regard to each river studied, discuss 
sources, direction, tributaries, extent of basin, navigation, 
water power, and the cities and towns along the banks. 
(3) River scenery, such as cataracts, cascades, gorges, 
caves, grottoes, and natural bridges. 

V. Lakes. Ontario, Erie, Champlain, Finger Lakes, 
Mountain Lakes, and other lakes not in groups. (1) Lo- 
cation, size, depth, inlets and outlets. (2) Uses — ■ 
fisheries, navigation, ice, and as pleasure resorts. 

VI. Islands. Long Island, Staten Island, Thousand 
Islands, and others in lakes and rivers. (1) Location and 
surrounding waters. (2) Population, size, and uses. 

VII. Climate. (1) Effect of latitude on different 
natural divisions. (2) Effect of elevation and of neigh- 
boring waters. (3) Rain and snow in each natural 
division. (4) Maritime and inland climates. 

VIII. Natural Resources. (1) Forests — past and pres- 
ent distribution and value; uses; state forest preserves; 
industries dependent upon forests. (2) Minerals — kinds 
and distribution; methods of mining and quarrying; 
uses of each mineral studied. (3) Fisheries — location; 
methods; men employed and value of. (4) Soil — kinds 
and location; determines farming industries. 

IX. Industries. (1) Farming — crops, fruit-growing, 
dairying, truck farming, grazing, poultry, special crops. 
(2) Lumbering — kinds, methods, handling, and mar- 
keting. (3) Fisheries. (4) Mining and quarrying. (5) 
Manufacturing — location of industries, source of raw 
materials, number of establishments and laborers, wages 
paid, value of products, shipping and selling. 

X. Transportation. (1) Rivers, lakes, and canals. 

(2) Steam and electric railroads and highways. (3) Ocean 
traffic. 

XI. Cities and Towns. (1) Cities of the Hudson 
Valley. (2) Cities of the Central Valley. (3) Cities of 
northern New York. (4) Cities of the plateau region. 

XII. People and History. (1) The Dutch in the 
New World; the West India Company. (2) The Dutch 
explorers and colonists; Dutch governors, Patroons. 

(3) English occupation and its results. (4) Immigrants 
from Germany, France, and New England. (5) New 
York in the Revolution. • (6) The War of 1812. (7) His- 
toric places and landmarks. 

XIII. Government. (1) The Legislative Department. 
(2) The Executive Department. (3) The courts. (4) The 
government of cities, counties, townships, and villages. 



XIV. Education. (1) Rural schools and their su- 
pervision. (2) High schools and academies. (3) Nor- 
mal schools. (4) Colleges, universities, and professional 
schools. (.5) Agricultural, industrial, and vocational 
schools. (o) Board of Regents and Commissioner of 
Education. (7) Examining boards and licenses. 

STUDY OF THE RELIEF MAP. (1) In what two 

sections do you find the highest mountains? (The darker 
shading indicates the higher elevation.) (2) What river 
valley lies between these two high mountain regions? 
(3) Trace the Hudson River from its source to its mouth; 
trace the course of the Mohawk River. (4) Trace the 
dividing ridge between the Mohawk Valley and the Lake 
Plain. (5) Trace the dividing ridge of the Allegheny 
Plateau from the summits of the Catskill Mountains to 
the Genesee River. What river systems are separated 
by this ridge? (0) Trace the streams which unite to form 
the Delaware River; the Susquehanna River. (7) Trace 
the watershed between the valley of the Genesee River 
and the Lake Plain. (S) What is the only river that flows 
entirely across New York? (9) In what direction do the 
outlets of the Finger Lakes flow?. (10) In what two parts 
of New York do you find the most islands? (11) In what 
two sections do you find the most lakes? (12) What 
streams are fed by the lakes of the Adirondack Mountains? 

(13) Judging from this map, in what parts of the state 
do you think it would be best to preserve the forests? 

(14) What part of the state belongs to the valley of Lake 
Champlain? Trace the divide between the Champlain 
Valley and the St. Lawrence and Hudson valleys. 

STUDY OF THE POLITICAL MAP. (1) Find 

the location of New York on a map of the United States. 
(2) Draw a triangle by connecting New York City, 
Rouses Point, and the southwestern corner of Chautauqua 
County; on the basis of this triangle complete the outline 
map of the state. (This map should be made about twice 
as large as the one given in this book.) (3) On the out- 
line map draw the bordering waters of the state — three 
rivers and three lakes. (4) On the outline map fill in the 
boundaries of counties with their names and seats of 
government. (Notice which counties have lakes or 
streams as boundaries; draw all these in and write their 
names.) (5) From the Relief Map draw on your outline 
map the principal rivers of the state and write their names. 

(6) Locate carefully the following cities: Albany, New 
York, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, Utica, and all other 
plaees the names of which you meet in studying the text. 

(7) Draw meridians and parallels on your outline map, 
at intervals of one degree. (8) What is the approximate 
latitude and longitude of New York? Of Albany? Of 
Rouses Point? (9) Find the length of the longest straight 
line that can be drawn on your map. Measure the dis- 
tance from New York to Buffalo by way of Albany. 
(10) Find the breadth of the state between Oswego and 
the Pennsylvania boundary. (11) Find the longest north 
and south line that can be drawn on the map; the longest 
east and west line. 



>CI.A'£ 73461 



SEP 15191} 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



1. Is niODl i i"in 




Anns of tl 
New York. 



New York, the Empire State. Although New 
York is twenty-ninth in area among the states, il 
ranks firsl in population, manufactures, commerce, 
and wealth. It owes 
this high rank chiefly 
in the splendid harbor 
al New > > ork ( n,\ . 
which has attracted 
more than half the 
total foreign com- 
merce of the country. 
It owes much also to 
the Hudson River, the 
Erie Canal, and the 
various railroad sys- 
tems, which have 
helped to develop its resources and to make it the 
highway by which the products of other parts of 
the country are brought 
iu the seaboard. The 
rich natural resources of 
the state and the abound- 
ing energy and industry 
of its people have con- 
tributed much toward 
the high rank of New 
York. 1 

Location and Bound- 
aries. New York is situ- 
ated in the northeastern 
pari of the United States 
Jersey and Pennsylvania, comprises the Middle 
Atlantic States. New England lies on the east. 

and the Dominic I' Canada on the north and 

west. The Canadian boundary is formed mainly 
by two large lakes and two rivers. A pan 
eastern boundary is Lake Champlain, while the 
Delaware River forms part of the southern bound 
ary; the rest of the political boundaries on the 

cast. BOUth, and west, arc lines fixed bj 

in. m w ith adjoining states. 

Form and Size. The shape of New York is 
roughly triangular. The eastern side of the tri- 



angle approaches a straight line running north and 

smith. A line drawn from Rouses l'omt to the 
southwestern angle has a southwest direction 
The thud side is formed by a straight line drawn 
a little north of west and connecting New \ ork 
( 'ity with the southwestern angle. Which of these 
the longest? Find the length of cadi line 
in miles. Lake ( mtario and Lake Erie make deep 
indentations on the western 
border and Long Island 
Sound and New York JmSi. 
Bay on the south- 
eastern border. J|| 

The greati i 

extent of the r- 

stat e from i 

h 1 1» \ 




th New 



1 Preparatory to the study of this article on the Geography of New 
York State the pupil »h«uM n MVfR'S \I> 

VAN! l:l) <;| i ii ,|; V I'll V. treating ..f the Mh1.1I.- Atlalitii S 
nearly half of the material in thi I to New York. 







about four and one-half 
degrees of latitude; from 
cast to west, including Long 
Ll.unl, it is about eight degrees of 
Figure these distances 
m miles. The distance by rail from 
New York Citj to Rouses Poinl is 
about 312 miles; from Albany to 
Buffalo it is 297 miles. To navel 
either of these distances in the fa-test railway train 

requires about fiveand ■ lialf hours. The area of 

New York Stale comprises 17,654 square miles ,,f 
land and 1,550 square miles of water, or a total 
of 19,204 square miles. This, however, docs not in 
elude New York's half of Lake Erie and hake Ontario, 
which amounts to 3,140 square miles. The popu 
lation is now over 10,000,000, or about one-tenth the 
population of the entire country. 



. .11 1 I- I li S l> N '. 



■ 



GKuerswII, " ' ; ' Spring** 






i 
I 




- — ; 



i IE< M rE U'HY OF NEW YORK - I \ T 



II. Physical 1 i \.r\ ri 



Topography. The surface of New York com- 
i low * 'oasl Plain, ext< tisive valli 
high plateaus and mountains. The highlands 
belong in the Appalachian System, and have been 
much cut, worn down, and rounded by glacial 
action. Nearly all the summits are covered with 
a deep, rich s,,il and support a dense vegetable 
growth. The chief mountains are the Adiron- 
dack-, a so-called "lshmd group," being sur 
round.'d on all sides by lowlands. Its i 
rocks are ot hard, crystalline material and con- 
siderable amounl - of iron, zinc, and other 
valuable minerals. 

The ridges extend in general from norl In 
southwest, following the trend of the Appalachian 
System. Many of the summits exceed 3,01 

000 eel in height. Mount Marcy (5,34 1 
M Mcln i,112 feel I are I h 
lints. Skylight, Haystack, Whiteface, Gray 
Peak. Mt. Dix, and many other peaks are slightly 
feet. 

Forest Reserves. Two-thirds of the Adiron- 
dack region, or about 1,000 square miles, belongs 
in the Stale Forest Reserve and is called "Ad- 
irondack Park." Fire-wardens and police are 
employed to prevent tires and trespassing, and 
much attention is given to cultivating young 
trees and resetting the areas which have been 
depleted by lire or by lumber companies. The 
lakes are kept stocked with fish, and regulations 
as to the hunting and fishing 

enforced. The forest preserve in the Catskills 
covers icres. The state owns aboul 

as many acres in scattered plots outside of the 
Adirondack and < 'atskill pat 

Letchworth Park, near ( !ayuga Pake, and Palisade 
Park, in the Highlands, wen- presented to thi 



by the Leti I Harri 

i- also called 

1 1 1 1 1 ■ i ; . 1 1 . ■ Park \ lio u gl 




acquired by the state with a view to preventing 
Hoods by protecting the forests near the headwaters 
of streams, it i^ estimated that they may he made 
to yield SI ,000,000 annually from the 




The Clinton Range in the Adirond ic peak in the center of the picti 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



sale of lumber and the leasing of camp sites. It is 
the plan of the State Forester not only to prevent 
the forest fires which have become so frequent, but 
also to reset the vacant places with young trees and 
to cut only full-grown trees, thus making the state 
forests a regular source of income. 




Mount Pharaoh and Pyramid Lake in the Adirondacks. 

The Catskill Mountains and the Allegheny 
Plateau form a continuous highland, beginning 
about ten miles west of the Hudson River and 
extending to the Lake Plain. A steep ascent, or 
escarpment, bounds it on the north and north- 
east, while to the west and northwest it descends 
more gradually to unite with the Lake Plain. 
The highest points in the Catskills exceed 4,000 
feet. Among them are Slide Mountain (4,205 feet) 
and Mount Hunter (4,025). Black Dome, Big 
Westkill, Peekamoose, and Panterkill are a little 
less than 4,000 feet, The Catskills, like the 
Adirondacks, are well wooded and the scenery 
is picturesque, with precipices, ravines, lakes, 
streams, and waterfalls. They contain many well 
known summer resorts and hundreds of smaller 



hotels and boarding houses to accommodate 
summer guests. 

The Plateau Region. The average height of 
the plateau in central New York is 2,000 feet. It 
is dissected from north to south by wide valleys 
containing lakes and rivers. Some of these 
valleys are very fertile and several hundred feet 
below the general level of the plateau. The di- 
viding ridge of the plateau lies somewhat south 
of its central axis and its southern slope continues 
southward into Pennsylvania. 

The lakes in the central part of the state are 
called from their shape "Finger Lakes." They 
occupy depressions extending north and south, 
which were plowed out by the ancient Laurentian 
glacier. Two of these lakes, Cayuga and Seneca, 
are about forty miles in length, several miles wide, 
and very deep. They have a noticeable effect 
upon the climate, and as routes of transportation 
they have promoted the development of the 
country adjoining them. 

The Eastern Highlands. The third highland 
region begins near the head of Lake Champlain. 
Here, the foothills of the Berkshires and the 
Taconic Mountains of New England enter New 
York, and after following its eastern border for 
several hundred miles, they turn to the southwest, 
crossing the valley of the Hudson, where they 
receive the name "Highlands," and continuing 
thence into New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The 
Highlands rise to the height of 1,500 feet, and 
through them the Hudson River has cut a diago- 
nal gorge making the most picturesque region in 
the state. From the water's edge, on either side, 
rise lofty mountain peaks, many of which are 
associated with legends of the Indians and of the 
early Dutch settlers. West of the Hudson are 




General view of Dansville, Livingston County. 



PHYSICAL FEAT1 RES 



the Shawangunk (shon'-gum) Mountains and the 
Ramapo Hills; and bordering the wesl banks and 
continuing southward to New York (V 
range of nearly vertical cliffs called Palisades, 
consisl of volcanic rock which has been 
up through the older strata and which lias 
in many places crystalized into vertical columns. 
This rock has been so much in demand for making 
road material, that in order to preserve th 
ery, a large part of this section has been a 
li\ New York and New Jersey and made into 
"Palisade Park." 

The Eastern Lowland. The chief lowlands of 
New York consisl of the Coast Plain, Hudson 
and Champlain Valley, the Mohawk Valley, the 
St. Lawrence Valley, the Lake Plain, and many 
small river valleys. The Hudson and Champlain 
Valley is continuous from the ocean to the St. 
Lawrence River. It is divided into two pail- by 
a low ridge, which crosses Washington County 
near Fort Edward and passes around the southern 
end of Lake ( leorge. 

The Central Lowland crosses the middle of the 
state from east to west, and joins the Hudson 

Valley with the Lake Plain. It follows the valley 

of the Mohawk River to its source, where a low 

ridge extending from north to south separates 
it from the Lake Plain. It then continues west- 
ward in a broad beh parallel with the shore of 
Lake ( mtario. 

The Central Valley with thai of the Hudson, has 
formed an important route of transportation and 
trade from the earliest times. The Indian- brought 



Plain became a highway for immigrants from the 
older -i i I urneyed up the Mohawk and 

down the < lent ei River to 1 

trip overland in wagon 

waters of th i - thus 






ta^S 










Salt well. - i if the early immigrants intc 

settli i i « account of the valuable 

jheir furs down the Mohawk as far as tin 

followed a trail to Albany, 

where they trailed with the Dutch. This trail grew 

into a highway, and railroads now follow it. \ftcr 

olution, when the I >hio Valley came into 

the possession of the United States, the Central 



The Palisades on the New Jersey shore of the Hudson 
River. 



passed across the State between 1790 and 1820. 
Man\- of them, attracted by the rich farming find. 
settled along this route. After the Erie ('anal 

the principal mute of trade I- I Wi 
East and West, these settlements grew into 
and this section grew into the most populous part 
of the state outside of New York ( ity. 

The St. Lawrence Valley is a fertile region 
surrounding the Adirondack^ on the north and 
west , and is crossed by numerous small 
stream-. The lowlands bordering Lake 
Ontario, which belong to the Lake 
Plain, have an average breadth of 
about thirty miles; they are thought 
to have been covered at one tune by a 
larger Lake Ontario, of which the 
shore line may still be traced. The 
soil is composed of the silt and mud 
which once formed the bottom of the 
ancient lake. The plains bordering 
Lake Erie had a similar origin. The 
Coast Plain, which includes Long Is- 
land, was formed by sands deposited 
of salt. ' by the tides and by the rising of the 
ocean bed. Among the smaller rivet- 
valleys the most important are those of the Wal- 

kill and the ( '.eneseo. 

Drainage. There are five drain 
The first and largest is that of the Great Lake-: 
and the St. Lawrence River, discharging into 

the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The second is the 



10 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



Hudson-Mohawk System, discharging into New 
York Bay. The third is the Susquehanna System, 
discharging into Chesapeake Bay. The fourth 
is the Delaware System, discharging into Dela- 
ware Bay. The fifth area is drained by the 
Allegheny River and its tributaries, which dis- 
charge finally into the Gulf of Mexico. 

To these five drainage systems we may add the 
Genesee River, which rises in northern Pennsylvania, 
cuts its way across the plateau, crosses the entire 
state, and flows into Lake Ontario. Its course is 
marked by rapids and waterfalls, especially at 
Portage and Rochester. The valley through which 
it flows is one of our richest farming regions. East 
of the Genesee Valley is the Seneca River, fed by 
the overflow of the Finger Lakes; it flows eastward, 
joining the Oneida and Oswego, and discharges into 
Lake Ontario. West of the Genesee are the Tona- 
wanda, the Buffalo, and the Cazenovia creeks, which 
drain the western end of the Lake Plain. The chief 
streams draining the St. Lawrence Valley rise in 
the Adirondacks. The largest are the Black River, 
the Oswegatchie, the Racquette, the Grass, and the 
Salmon. The Chazy, the Saranac, and the Ausable 
drain the eastern slopes of the Adirondacks into 
Lake Champlain. 

The Hudson-Mohawk System drains two nar- 
row valleys; that of the Hudson is about 300 
miles long, and that of the Mohawk, 100 miles. 
The Hudson is the largest river of the state and 



Among the Highlands of the Hudson. 

the most useful for navigation. It is formed by 
several small streams which descend the southern 
slopes of the Adirondacks. In its upper course it 
is a swift, winding mountain stream, used chiefly 
for floating logs to the sawmills, and for supply- 
ing power to factories; but at Troy it becomes 



an estuary and is navigable for large steamboats, 
from there to New York, a distance of 150 miles. 
In winter when the river is frozen it becomes a 
valuable source of ice. 

The breadth of the Hudson below Albany varies 
from 900 to 2,000 feet and its depth is sufficient for 
all kinds of craft 




y /)lake 

[(GEORGE 
o GLENS FALLS 




except the very 
largest. The 
Mohawk, the 
chief tributary 
from the west, 
receives West 
Canada and 
East Canada 
creeks, both of 
which supply 
water power at 
Trenton Falls 
and at Little 
Falls. The Mo- 
hawk itself, in 
its course from 
Rome to the 
Hudson, has a 
total fall of 250 
feet. At Cohoes 
it makes a final ^ 
leap of 70 feet. £ 
Other tribu- £ 
taries of the 
Hudson from 
the west are the 
Walkill River 
and the Cats- 
kill Creek. The 
tributaries from 
the east are 
small streams 
but furnish HlGr\^- r 
power for many 
sawmills and 
gristmills. 

The Susque- 
hanna System 
drains the land 
between the 
Delaware and the Genesee valleys. The main 
stream has its source in Oswego Lake and its 
chief confluents are Unadilla Creek and Chenango 
and Chemung rivers. The Delaware River rises 
on the western slopes of the Catskill Mountains, 
where several swift streams following deep valleys 
unite to form the main channel at Port Jervis. 
The section thus drained is rugged and covered 
with forests. The southwestern part of the state 
is the source of the headwaters of the Ohio River. 



The Hudson River System. 



PHYSICAL FEATURES 



11 



The Allegheny is thechief confluent, rising in the 
northern part of Cattaraugus County. It re- 
ceives the outflow of Chautauqua Lake, French 
( 'reek, and other small streams. The headwaters 
are within five miles of Lake Erie. 

Scenery. New York is noted for the beauty 
of us scenery and for us many natural wonders. 
lis forests, rapid streams, w 
falls, gorges, and caves; us lakes, 
liver-, and mineral springs attract 
tourists part of the 

world. The mountainous sections 

- both for sportsmen and 
for those seeking recreation and 
health. The waterfalls are noted 
for Manual beauty and are valu- 
able sources of motive power. 

i celebrated is Niagara 
Falls, where the volume of water 
from the < rreal Lakes, emerging 
from Lake Erie, descends 300 feet 
bj a series of rapids and one tre- 
mendous plunge over a time stone 
cliff. Goat Island at the summit of the cliff di- 
vides the mighty stream into two branches. The 
eastern, or American Falls, is 1U7 feet high. The 
western, or Horshoe Falls, is the grander cataract 
and has a height of 158 feet. The enormous 
power of Niagara Falls ha- been utilized for de- 
veloping electricity. 



Thousand Island Park and Other Resorts. 
\\ here the St. Law rence Rivet emei gi from Lake 
( Intai io, there are literally a " thousand i 
The bordering ■ d deep. 

Near Lake < lhamplain is Lake l reorge, wide! 
for it- I" resort for visitors. North of 

Lake < reorge is ^usal le I !ha n 





! falls ami adjoining territory form a 
Park visited each year by nearly a million people. 
Other well known waterfall- a on the 

upper Hudson, Cohoes Falls, Kaaterskill falls, and 
the Taughannock Falls near Cayuga Lake, in 
Watkins < den are several famous cascades. 



Among the Thousand Islands. 

through the mountain by the ^.usable River. 
Famous is * !hautaqua Lake in the southwest 
and many of the lakes on the Cei P 

Among the more important health resorts are Sara- 
toga Springs, Ballston Spa, Richfield Springs, 
Clinton Springs, and Sharon Springs. Find 

laces "ii the map. Other result- are Long Lake, 
Indian Lake, Lake Tupper, the 

Saranac Lakes, and La ke Placid. 

Caves and Grottoes. The most 
remarkable of these is Howe's < !ave 
I hem part of Schoharie 
County. It extends a mile or more 
underground and has room- and 
galleries that reach a height of 

several hundred feet. GrO 
caverns are found in many places 

limestone rock. 

markable gorges arc those of the 
Niagara River, the Ausable River. 
and Watkins and Havana ■■ 
-. Lake < Ither grottoes and 

a natural bridge are found on In- 
dian R 

Climate. On account of varying elevation and 
the bordering water- of New York, the climate 
has a wide range of temperature. In the south- 
eastern part the i lerating influence of tl 

i- felt, the average temperature at New York ( 'ity 
beingabout 71 in July and 30 in January, with 



12 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



extremes of 100° and 6° below zero. The plateau 
region in the southern half of the state has greater 
extremes of temperature, though in the mountain 
section the summers 
are cool and delightful. 
The coldest area is in 
the Adirondack region, 
where frosts often 
come in August and 
the winter tempera- 
ture falls to 20° and 
even to 40° below zero. 
The temperature of 
the Lake Plain is 
moderated by the 
lakes, which store up 
heat during the sum- 
mer and continue to 
give it out until late in 
winter. This lengthens 
the growing season 
and allows late fruits 
and grains to ripen. 
The influence of the 
lake has made that 
section one of the most 
productive fruit-grow- 
ing regions of the 
country. The apple crop of New York is greater 
than that of any other state. 

Rainfall. The average annual rainfall for the 
whole state is about 40 inches. It is well dis- 
tributed throughout the year, and though drouths 




Taughannock Falls on Cayuga 
Lake near Ithaca. 




Falls cm West Branch of ( 'azenovia Creek, on the Buffalo 
'Rochester & Pittsburgh Railroad between West Falls and 
Golden, Erie County. 

sometimes occur in the central and eastern parts, 
they are seldom of long duration. The heaviest 
rainfall occurs in the Adirondacks. North of the 
plateau the snowfall often attains a depth of 
several feet. 



Soil. In order to account for the various soils 
we must study the effects of the ice sheet, or 
glacier, which once covered practically all of the 
state; moving south from the northern part of 
the continent, it brought quantities of sand, 
gravel, clay, and boulders, gathered up during its 
progress. When, after thousands of years, the 
climate became warmer and the glacier slowly 
melted and disappeared, this mixture, or drift, 
as it is called, was left spread over the surface of 
the country. In some places it was deposited in 
long ridges and rounded hills, called moraines 




Upper Falls of the Genesee River — 95 feet high. 

and drumlins. These extend in a north and 
south direction, establishing the course of the 
glacier. 

The glacial drift was also acted upon by running 
waters. The streams carried away the finer material 
leaving it along their banks forming flood plains. 
Soil deposited in this way is called alluvial soil and 
is very fertile. Much of the soil of the Lake Plain is 
alluvial deposit. The underlying rock of New York 
is largely limestone, which on decaying increases 
the fertility of the soil, as lime is an essential plant 
food. The soil of the Coast Plain is composed of 
sand mixed with loam washed from the glacial 
moraines. When fertilized it is well adapted to 
vegetables and fruits. The soil of the river valleys 
frequently consists of clay. Thick beds of clay 
useful for making bricks and tiles are found along 
both banks of the Hudson. 

Another important, effect of the glacier was the 
formation of lakes and waterfalls. The immense 
weight of ice deepened the old valleys and plowed 
out gorges, both of which afterward became lakes. 
In some cases the moraines were deposited across 
the river valleys, damming the streams or turning 
them into other directions. The new channels 
frequently led over rocks of varying degrees of 
hardness and cataracts and rapids were formed. 
In this way the falls of Niagara, of the Genesee, 



I MM STRIES 



1.; 



and of other streams originated. All such falls are 
gradually becoming lower as the rocks wear away. 
Inn thousands of years must pas- before they will 
be worn down to the lower levels of the streams. 



nut, and occasionally cherry, Mack walnut, and 
white wood. 

Animal Life. Squirrels, hares, woodchucks, 
foxes, and muskrata are found throughout the 




■ ing production of sweet corn. The lisnn 
counties represent hundreds of acres; < >neida I 'ounty for 

exampl 18J I tndreds, which equals :;,m:o acres. 

Vegetation. Tlie early sett lets in New York 
found the land covered with forests, which were 
em to make room for farms; bul must farms still 

have enough woodland to supply Brew 1 and an 

occasional load of lumber. Extensive forests are 




field in I 

iinc are also here and there a lew ftir-liear- 
ing animals such as the mink, the skunk, and the 
sable. Deei- and rabbits are found, and OCt 
ally a hear or a wildcat, 
they have been protected by the 
game laws, beavers have become 
quite numerous in the Adiron- 
dacks and are doing consider- 
able damage by cutting down 
d damming the streams. 
The chief varieties of game birds 
are woodcock, quail, partridge, 
and grouse. Wild ducks, geese, 
and pigeons are found a1 cer- 
govern- 
iii- the forests and the : 

fish and game are made by the 

Conservation Commission, the 
members of which are appointed 
by the ( lovernor. 



DTJSTRIES 



A dairy herd 



now found only in the Adirondacks and ( !atskills. 
The most abundant trees of the northern forests 

are white pine, hemlock, spruce, and a few hard- 
wood-. In other regions hardwoods prevail and 
consist chiefly of oak, maple, ash, hickory, chest- 



Agriculture. In L910 the state 
contained 215,597 farms averag- 
ing about 100 acres and valued at about $7,000 
each. ( (wing to the present increased value of all 
farm products, most farmers are in prosperous 
circumstances. The farm houses are generally 
large and comfortable, and the hanis and out- 



11 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 




buildings commodious and well 
equipped. There are wells, 
springs, and running water in 
abundance, and sufficient timber 
for fuel and for keeping fences 
and buildings in repair. The 
total annual value of the farm 
products of the state, includ- 
ing animal products, is about 
$300,000,000. Owing to differ- 
ences in climate and soil and to 
the demand for special foods and 
raw materials, the farm products 
are of great variety. The most 
productive sections are the Hud- 
son and Mohawk valleys and the 
Lake Plain, which lead in corn, 



buckwheat, barley, beans, small fruits, and vege- 
tables. 

The fact that three-fourths of the population of 
the state resides in cities and towns, has greatly 
stimulated market-gardening and truck-farming. 
New York receives fruits and vegetables from Long 
Island, New Jersey, and the states farther south 
and west. Albany, Troy, and other cities near the 
junction of the Mohawk and Hudson have stimu- 
lated the garden industries in the neighboring coun- 
ties. The cities in the Central Valley and the Lake 
Plain, from Utica to Buffalo, require large daily 
supplies for their markets. 

Dairying. The dairying industries also have 
been benefited by the demands of the neighboring 
city markets. Creameries, cheese factories, and 
milk-bottling stations are numerous along the 
lines of railway. Express trains equipped with re- 




Interio;- of a model cow ba 
State. 



in New York 




A factory where milk is pasteurized and bottled for use : 
York City. 

oats, wheat, and orchard fruits. The lighter soils 
of the uplands serve for pasturage and yield rye, 



Fruit. 



frigerating cars carry daily to New York 
City more than 1,000,000 gallons of milk. 
The greater part of this milk is pasteur- 
ized and bottled before delivery to the 
customer. 

Canneries. There are in the state 
about 600 factories engaged in the can- 
ning of peas, beans, corn, apples, pears, 
and other vegetables and fruits. Many 
of these are in the central and western 
parts. The farmers in these sections 
devote much of their labor to supplying 
raw materials to the canneries, where 
over 5,000 persons find employment. 
The fruit belt is chiefly in the lower half 



of the Hudson Valley and 



the Lake Plain. 



i\di -run - 



' 



(• ' • • • * 




*^ *&*>*£" A 




Map showing the production 

,,! pol LtOI 

The larger doti 

i r production. The 
small figurea in the counties 

the number of thou- 
i I 

The most productive county is Steuben, which 

Apples are especially abundant in the plains bor- 
dering Lake Ontario. The regions aboul the 

Lakes and along Lake Erie are famous for 
and a large amount of wine and grape 
juice is manufactured. 
Niagara< !ounty grows 
fine peaches, and small 

are grown in 
most counties south of 
theAdirondack region. 
In dairying industries, 
in hay and ' 
crops, in potatoes and 
buckwheat , and in 
small fruits, New York 

is the leading state. In orchard fruits and grape 
it is second only to California. In cereals and i 



Cranberry marsh on Long Island in picking ■■ ason. 

.,,,,,,, ,i produi 'I by the greal farm- 

tes of the Middle West, but yet the crops 

of wheat, corn, rye. and oat ind the 

annual value of wool, 

poultry, and eggs is 

considerable. The 

state, as a whole, 

is devoted to 

farm- 
ing. Every 





many crops 
so thai the 
aggregate value 
imount- 
out one- 
twenty-fifth of that' 
of the total farm products of the 
United States. Hops, tobacco, 
and sugar-bei I crops. 

Sweet corn is extensively 
grown for canning. More than 
25,000 acres, mainly in the central 
and western parts of the state, are 
devoted to this crop, and the 
value <\i the corn before canning 

si I ,000 annua;'. 



rds near Sector, Schuyler County. 



in 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



Fisheries. Aside from the game fish, such as 
trout, bass, pickerel, and pike, which abound in 
the smaller lakes and streams, the fishing indus- 
tries are confined to the Great Lakes, the Hudson 
River, and the Atlantic coast — especially the 
southern shore of Long Island. Whitefish and 
lake trout are taken in Lake Ontario; sturgeon, 
shad, and herring, in the Hudson River; blue- 
fish, weakfish, sea-bass, oysters, and clams, along 
the Atlantic coast. Oysters rank first in value 
and bluefish second. Great numbers of men- 
haden also are caught in seines along the Atlantic 
coast, to be used in the manufacture of oil, glue, 














•vyi 




















1 ^Y 


jjM 


"Tl^t 








J/y ..\ 




^tfy' f •>*'•? 


pf' 






#^y 




:i"-:-.'pt 


rj5^3h\'- ■•'. v| .''.•.••"-I 




n' • -p^^'^-r '^F*- 


•&:■"/ 


■•..: -:']•. '•/.• J.yR-.'B" • '• 








| 






i'. '•>■ AlJ";':'; 


yobi<l____ 







Map showing apple production. Each dot stands for 
10,000 trees. The figures and letters indicate natural 
divisions: I is Ontario shore; II, the Erie Shore; III, the 
Genesee Valley and the central lakes; IV, the Western 
Plateau; A, the Hudson Valley; H, Mohawk Valley; 
C, Eastern Plateau; figure 1, Adirondack Region; figure 
2, Upper Hudson and Champlain Valleys; figure 3, St. 
Lawrence Valley and Eastern Ontario Plain. 

and fertilizer. The fisheries of the state employ 
about 12,000 men. The Long Island section is 
the most productive region, and New York City 
is the loading market. 

Minerals. A list of the chief mineral products 
is given on page 45. Some of them are rn™ 
products and others are derived 
from the raw product. Of the 
total value of both classes more 
than one-half is credited to pig 
iron. The ore is chiefly mined 
in Essex County near Lake ( 'ham- 
plain, the mines at Mineville pro- 
ducing over one-half the total 
output. Iron ore is found also 
at various points in St. Lawrence 
County, along Lake Champlain, 
on the south shore of Lake On- 



Vineyards at Kendaia, near Seneca Lake along the Lehigh 
Valley Railroad. 

tario, and in the valley of the Hudson. Clay prod- 
ucts rank next in value to iron. They consist of 
brick used in building and paving, tiles for drains 
and sewers, pottery, terra cotta, and fire brick. 

In the elay industries New York is the fifth state, 
being surpassed by Ohio, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
and Illinois. Clay suitable for manufacturing 
bricks is found in several districts, but chiefly in the 
valley of the Hudson, which is one of the most pro- 
ductive brick-making regions in the world. The 
chief market for the product is New York City. 
Ulster and Rockland counties are the chief centers of 
clay manufactures and other counties along the 
Hudson have similar industries. New York City 
and Syracuse lead in the manufacture of pottery, 
which consists chiefly of tableware. 

Stone is the third in value, and includes limestone, 
sandstone, granite, marble, and various derived 
products. There are few counties where building- 
stone of some kind is not found, as the underlying 
rocks everywhere are suitable for this purpose. 
Granite occurs in the Adirondacks and in the High- 
lands on the west shore of the Hudson. Much of it 
is made into paving stones, or into crushed stone 
for streets and roads. Limestone is made into 
rubble and building-stone, and is used in smelting 
iron ore. Lime for building purposes is manufac- 
tured from limestone by burning it in kilns, or ovens. 
Lime is used also as a fertilizer and for making 
various chemicals. Portland cement, so largely 
used for paving and building purposes, is manu- 




Hillsides covered with vineyards near Naples, N. Y. 





Picking peas at Mount Morris, Livingston < '■ 



factured from a varietj of limestone kno 

["his rock is quarried near Fayette- 
i unty, but chiefly in the Rosen- 
dale distrid of Ulster ( lounty. The city of Hudson 
leads in the manufacture of Portland » 

Sandstone is very abundant, and widely dis- 
tributed. Potsdam and Medina have given their 

names to the sandstone strata found near those 

The Hudson River sandstones are quarried 

1 dls southward to Orange County. 

B slate is found in Washington County, the 

quarries being part of the formation which extends 

into Rutland County. Vermont. The red slate of 

this region is scarce and very valuable. It is used 

for ornamental work, and some of it is ground to 

make paint. Bluestone is a rock formed from shale 

or mud. It is fine-grained, firm, and was formerly 

much used for sidewalks. It is found chiefly in 

Ulster County, and is shipped from Saugerties and 

Kingston; the amount quarried is decreasing owing 

to the extensive use of] i al and crushed 

■ the construction of roads, streets, walks, and 

buildings. 

Sand and gravel are used for building, paving, 
and manufacturing. Different kinds of sai 
used in making glass, mortar, asphalt, and molds for 
and" is used on the i 

o that the wheels of the l motives and 

ears will not slide. Gravel is coarser than -and, 
ing of small pebbles and stones, [ts chief 
u?e is for building roads and ballasting railroad 
tracks. 

Salt. In the output of -alt \e\v York ranks 

next in Michigan. Salt ia obtained fr the 

earth as rock -alt and also in the form of brine, 
ition underlies the greater 
part of ( Senesee County.all of Livingston < lounty, 
ami the western part of Ontario County. The 
largest salt mine in this country is Located at 
Retsof near Greigsville in Livingston County. 
The roek is mined ut a depth of 1,UU0 feet, and 



[ND1 STRIES 17 

Tim men are employed. The 
thickness of the deposit 
about 150 feet throughout theen 
tire district. Vnothi i li 

mine is worked at I uylei villc. 

Layers of -hale, lime-tone, and 
other rock occui bet ween the salt, 
i i.i The formation 

d total depth of Ki7 feet 

of which 240 feet are salt. The 

Solvay mines al dully are over 300 

obtained 

by sinking shafts to the salt rock, 

!. eet or more he- 
low the surface, making a 
canning center. well"; if no water is struck, it 
may be introduced from the sur- 
l he water dissolvi - the salt and isthen pumped 
out and evaporated V\ hen I hi hi al of the sun is 
utilized for this purpose, as at Sj racuse, the product 

i- called solar salt. Thi brii i lined from wells 

in Onondaga County is piped to Solvay near Syra- 
cuse, where n i- evaporated and manufactured into 
salt, soda ash, caustic- soda, baking soda, and other 
chemicals. Urine salt is produced at 1 i 
Watkins, Saltville, Piffard, Ithaca, and at various 
other places in the central part of the state • 
salt has to be purified and otherwj 
table use. 

Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon used for 
making lead pencils and stove polish, and for lubri- 
cating machinery. New York is the leading 
this mineral, which is found at various points in War- 
ren, Washington, Essex, and St. Lawrence counties. 



i nott 




\ lane. tone crushing plant at Syracuse. The crusl 

n the picture i- used as a fertilizer and in the man- 
ufacture of many chemicals. 



IS 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



In mineral waters New York ranks next to Min- 
nesota. The water is obtained from 50 different 
springs located in Saratoga, Schoharie, Cayuga, 
Chemung, Oneida, Oswego, Columbia, Ontario, and 
other counties; the most valuable waters for medi- 
cinal purposes are yielded at Saratoga Springs, Balls- 
ton Spa, Richfield Springs, Sharon Springs, and 
Lebanon Springs. 

Gypsum is a material used chiefly for making fer- 
tilizers, and plastering for walls. It is now quarried 
principally in Onondaga, Monroe, Erie, and Genesee 
counties. Petroleum is obtained from wells in Cat- 
taraugus, Allegheny, and Steuben counties. The 
annual output averages about 1,000,000 barrels, 
worth about $2 per barrel. Natural Gas is found 
in the same locality and also along Lake Erie and 
on the edge of the Allegheny Plateau in the western 
part of the state. Its annual value averages about 
twice that of petroleum. Talc is a soft variety of 
limestone, which is crushed to make a fine white 
powder. New York leads in this product, which 
comes entirely from a small district near Gouverneur 
in St. Lawrence County. It is used chiefly for coat- 
ing paper to give it a smooth surface. Other min- 
erals of less importance are used for grinding and 
polishing, such as emery, garnet, and the hard gritty 
sandstone used in making millstones and grindstones, 
which is quarried in Ulster County. 





In the great salt mine at Retsof, N. Y. In the upper part 
of the picture a compressed air drill is being used; the 
lower part shows an electric freight train loaded with 
blocks of salt. 



Quarrying limestone in Onandaga County; 2,000 pounds 
of dynamite were exploded in tins shot. 



IV. Transportation 
Transportation Routes. The position of New 
York between the busy manufacturing centers 
of New England and the rich farming regions of 
the Mjddle West, together with convenient trans- 
portation to the seaboard, has made it the most 
important commercial region in the world. The 
Hudson and Champlain Valley and the valley of 
the Mohawk and the Lake Plains form nearly 
level routes, which cross the state in two direc- 
tions leading to Canada and to the West. New 
York thus becomes a natural gateway to the 
resources of the eastern half of the country. The 
importance of these routes is shown by the fact 
that one-third of the exports and nearly two- 
thirds of the imports of the United States pass 
through New York City, the point where the 
leading trade routes converge. These lines of 
travel have been of great importance since the 
earliest times, and are still the chief routes through 
the state. 

Early emigrants to the West crossed the state from 
the Hudson to Lake Erie by way of the Mohawk 
■ River, Oneida Lake, the Oswego River, and Lake 
Ontario. There were portages at Cohoes, Little 
Falls, and Rome. By the close of the eighteenth 
century, canals had been dug around the falls and 
rapids, making a continuous water route. The 
first highway also followed the Central Valley, and 
was much traveled in early times. The opening of 
the Erie Canal in 1825 was the beginning of great 
prosperity for New York. The cost of carrying 
goods across the state was reduced more than 90%, 
and New York City became the commercial me- 
tropolis of the country. A few years later other 
canals were completed, joining Lake Champlain 
with the Hudson River, and connecting the Erie 



TRANSPORTATION 



19 



i (rith the Black River and the Susquehanna. 

The Delaware River also was connected with the 
Hudson by a canal extending from Porl Jervis to 
Kingston. 

Railroads. The period of canal building was 
broughl i" a close bj the invention of the railroad 
and the steam locomotive. The firsl cai 
drawn by horses, bul after a few failures a suc- 
cessful locomotive was buill in New York City and 
placed mi the narks of the South ( !arolina Rail- 
road in Charl = '■'■■ The Mohawk & 
Hudson River Railroad Company was organized 
in 1826 and buill a line from Albany to Schenec- 
tady, over which the first successful railroad tram 
was rim five years later. Many other lines were 
buill between cities in the central and western 
parts oi' the state, until by 1842 Albany and 
i were connected. All these short lines 




nected with Lyons and Rochester, and froi 

city westwai ! there are five mam lines, one following 

the lak( ond passing through 1."' 

a third and fourth running o North 

Tonawai ing from 

( lanand ■ I ia to Buffalo 




going down the Oswego River into T.ake 
( Intario. 

were finally merged into the New York Central 
A- Hudson River Railroad Company. 

The New York Central is the most extensive sys- 

omprising 2,691 miles of main track. 

entire trackage of the state, which now 

amounts to aboul 8,500 mile-. The main line ex- 

rom New York to Buffalo, when' it connects 

with the Lake Shore A: Michigan Southern, the 

tral, and other lines, for Cle 

icago, Cincinnati, Detroit, and St. 

\. Ul ail CO! ■•■ Ction is made with the 

Boston & Albany, for Boston A branch from the 
main line passes through Troy and Cohoes, to 

ia.lv. At Little Fall-. Herkimer 

and Syracuse, branches leave the main line 

f,,r I i- •■'• n. Ogdensburg, the Adiron- 

dack region, and Montreal. At Syracuse two 

the main trunk, one following the shore of 

I Intario '" Niagara Falls, and a second turning 

southwest and south through Auburn, Geneva, and 

Corning, to the Pennsylvania line. Geneva i- con- 



■ .. w aterford on the new Barge I lanal lea 
,m the Hudson River to the "'anal. 

important branches of this eon tem are 

the New York & Harlem i Chatham, the 

West Shore system, from Weehawken to Buffalo, 
and the Boston & Albany. Many other h 

I, -on I which are lea i e owned 

i.\ tin' company. 

Commerce. As the New York Central lines 
traverse the most productive parts of the state, 
they are the chief carriers of our ■ 
h, 191 1 this system carried over 11,000,000 tons 
of the state's productions. Fruit, vegetables, hay, 
grains, and other farm product,-, made up about 




Albany Day Fine Steamboat, Hendrick Hudson, Betting 
out from Pier 130, New York City. 

one-eighth of this amount; mineral products 
constituted one-fifth; forest products, one-ninth; 
and the largesl item of all was manufactures, 
amounting to 5,000,000 tons. 

The Erie Railroad Company was organized in 
L832, and has the second great trunk line of the 



21) 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



state, with about 1,000 miles of track. The main 
line ran originally from Piermont, Rockland County, 
to Dunkirk. It now branches at Corning for 
Rochester, at Hornell for Buffalo, and at Salamanca 
for Jamestown; the eastern terminus is at Jersey 
City. The roads extend beyond the limits of the 




A modern locomotive. 

state to Youngstown, Cleveland, Marion, and Cin- 
cinnati, in Ohio. Coal and coke make up about 
one-half the total freight. 

The Delaware & Hudson Company is third in the 
state, with 725 miles of track. It is the oldest rail- 
road company in the country, having been organized 
in 1S23. The main line extends from Binghamton to 
Rouses Point, passing through Schenectady, Albany, 
Troy, Saratoga Springs, and Ballston Spa. Among 
the picturesque and historical places on this route ate 
Howe's Cave, Lake George, Lake Placid, Ausable 
Chasm, Fort Ticonderoga, and Plattsburg. A spur 



Taking bricks from a storage shed along the Hudson River. 
The bricks are loaded on barges and shipped to New 
York City, the largest market in the country for build- 
ing materials of every sort. 

in Otsego County runs from Cooperstown Junction 
north to Cooperstown. Another spur from Cobles- 
kill, passing through Sharon Springs, ends at Cherry 
Valley, the scene of the Indian massacre in 1778. A 
third spur extends from Saratoga Springs north as 
far as North Creek in Warren County. At Bing- 



hamton the Delaware & Hudson connects with the 
Lackawanna and Erie systems; at Oneonta it con- 
nects with the Ulster & Delaware; at Schenectady 
connection is made with the New York Central; 
at Troy, with the Boston & Maine; and at Albany, 
with the Boston & Albany. About one-sixth of 
the freight carried by this line, not counting that 
transferred from other lines, originates in New 
York. Material for building purposes is the largest 
item; the second is grain; and the third, manu- 
factured goods. 

The Pennsylvania Railroad system is the most 
extensive in the United States. It operates 857 
miles in New York, including the Long Island 
Railroad (398 miles), and the Northern Central 
(111 miles). The Long Island division has three 





Peter Cooper's "Tom Thumb," the first locomotive built 
in America. 

main stems and several spurs, which diverge from 
Jamaica, Long Island City, Mineola, and Hicksville. 
In the western part of the state, the Pennsylvania 
four branches: 1. Elmira to Canandaigua and 
Sodus Point; 2. Olean to Rochester and Buffalo, 
the main line branching at Hinsdale; 3. The Pitts- 
burgh and Buffalo branch enters New York in 
Cattaraugus County touching at Mayville on 
Chautauqua Lake and following the shore of Lake 
Erie to Buffalo; 4. A fourth section runs west from 
Olean through Salamanca and westward to Erie, 
Pennsylvania. The freight carried by the Long 
Island division is made up largely of fruits, vege- 
tables, poultry, game, fish, building materials, 
petroleum, and various manufactures. 

The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Road has 
about 500 miles of track, the main line extending 
from Hoboken, N. J., to Buffalo by way of Scranton, 



TRANSPORTATION 



21 



Pa., and Binghamton, N. Y. The main line b 

at Binghamton for Utica, Syracuse, and i i 

another branch al Oswego runs to Ithaca. \- the 

Lackawanna route crosses the hard coal i 

Peni ■ Ivania, il distributes a large amounl of this 

mineral, carrying over 10,000,000 tons annually. 

■ il am. .iinl of New 5 

by this line were aboul 2,560,000 tons in L91 i. of 
this amount, about one-third was stone, sand, and 




Freights in New Xork ai 
products and building ma 

The Central New England Railroad 
of nark iii \. .\ N ork. The main line I" 
iell I [all, « here it connects « it h t hi 
i ie bridge, I ra vers* Du 
County in several branches, ai 

i i ibutes coal .transferred from 

the 1 ie, and gathi 

The Rutland Railroad (171 miles in New York) 
enters the state at \\ bite < Ireek in Rensselaer ' lounty 
and runs to Chatham, where it connects with the 
Boston & Albany and the New York i\; Harlem; it 
has connections ilso I ■• ! lontreal, 

i points 'th. 

The Ulster & Delaware I 129 miles in New York I 
is much patronized bj touri I l 1 i rosses the 
Catskill Mountain region, running from Kingston 

i Om onta with branches to Hunter and K 
skill. The heaviest freight carried is hard coal. 

The Boston & Maine (122 miles in Nev 
enters the state at Peter burg Junct ioi R 
County, and extends to Troy and Rotterdam Junc- 
tion, connecting with the New York Central system. 

The Northern Central (111 miles in New York) 
runs from the stale line south of Elmira, north- 
ward aloi 3enet Lake, branching at Stanley for 
Canand: i lus Point. This line is chiefly 



other minerals; one-fourth was grain and other farm 
product ; led of manu- 

factured goods and miscellaneous articles. 

The Lehigh Valley Railroad has 660 miles of track 
in Xew York, the greater pan of which is in the 
central pari of the state between Syracuse and 
ter. The main line run- from Jersey City 
to Buffalo, dividing at Sayre, Pa., ii 
branch running to Camden. Oneida Counl 

tern branch which divides into four lines at 
Van r.iten. running to Ithaca. Auburn, Fair Haven, 
Elmira, < leneva, Rocl and Buffalo. 

This line distributes aboul the same amount of coal 
as the Lackawanna. Its principal freight ii 

York consists Of farm products and manufacture-: 

gest single items, hour md sand. 

The New York, Ontario & Western has 477 miles 

of track in the state, the main line running from 

■ken l>y way of Cornwall, Middletown, 
Liberty, Norwich, and Oneida to Oswego, with 
branches to Kingston, Porl Jervis, Delhi. Edmeston, 
Monticello, Qtica, and Home. This line i 
the Shawangunk (shon'-gum) Mountain- ai 
rich farming region of the Central Valley, fts 
freights derived from Xew York consist of dairy 

product8, mineral.-, and various manufacture-, 

amounting to about 800,000 tons annually. 

The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh has 192 
miles of track in the western part of the state, the 
main line running from Salamanca to Rochester and 
Buffalo. This road carries much soft coal out. of 
western Pennsylvania as well as iron and steel 




Old covered bridge at Beaverkill, Sullivan County, N. V. 
on the New York. Ontario & Western Railroad. 

a distributor of the coal, iron, steel, and other 
manufactures of Pennsylvania. 

The Buffalo & Susquehanna (91 miles) runs from 
Ivania to Wellsville, Nichols, and Addison. 
The Pittsburgh Shawmut & Northern (90 miles) ex- 
tends from the IVim-N Ivania line to ( (lean. Hornell. 

and Wayland The New York, Chicago & St. Louis 
(7it miles) run- from Buffalo southwesl along Lake 
Erie to Chicago. The Lake Shore & Michigan 



22 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



Southern (68 miles) follows the same route. The 
Delaware & Northern (46 miles) runs from Arkville, 
Delaware County, to East Branch, connecting with 
the Ulster & Delaware and the New York, Ontario 
& Western. The Dunkirk, Allegheny & Pittsburgh 
(42 miles) extends from Dunkirk to Titusville. The 
Jamestown, Westfield & Northwestern (39 miles) 
runs from Jamestown to Westfield in Chautauqua 
County. The New York, New Haven & Hartford 
has 37 miles of track in Westchester County. The 
South Buffalo Line runs from Buffalo Creek Junction 
to Lackawanna (36 miles). There are about 50 
other short lines, branches, and spurs, which are 
mainly of local importance. 

Electric Railroads. Besides steam railroads, 
there are 68 lines of electric roads in the state, 
outside of those in New York City, which operate 
over 2,000 miles of track. The New York State 
Railways Company has 350 miles in the city of 




Map of Buffalo and vicinity showing steam railroads 
and Wetland Canal. 

Rochester and vicinity, extending to L T tica, 
Rome, Syracuse, Geneva, Oneida, and Little 
Falls. The International Railway Company oper- 
ates about 200 miles of track in the neighbor- 
hood of Buffalo, running to Tonawanda, Niagara 
Falls, Lockport, and other points. Electric lines 
are of course more numerous and important in and 
near the large cities; but they have been extended 
so far in the suburbs that one may now travel 
throughout the Central Valley and the western 
parts of the state without using steam lines at all. 
In like manner, gas. electricity, and telephone 
communication are found in all the large cities, 
towns, and villages. Railroads are so much used 
that the canals have for the most part been aban- 
doned, but a new canal is being built across the 
state, wide enough and deep enough to float 
1,000-ton barges; when it is completed, canal 



freights will probably be much lower than railroad 
freights. 

Highways. The lines of travel and transporta- 
tion which are used by the greatest number of 




people are the public highways. The extensive 
use of automobiles in recent years has led to a 
general movement to improve these highways. 
Large sums of money are appropriated annually 
by the state for this purpose. The state roads 
arc built on a foundation of broken stone and are 
good in all kinds of weather. Less important 
branch roads are cared for by the townships. All 
roads must be kept in good condition, as farmers 
often haul their crops many miles to market. 

Manufactures. The value of the manufactured 
products of New York, according to the Federal 



u 


ram 


NHkl 


vrft 





The Brooklyn and Williamsburg suspension bridge; 
East River. 



Census of 1910, was $3,369,490,000. At that 
time there were 44,935 manufacturing establish- 
ments; the State Census for 1915 gives 51,118 
establishments, employing 1,364,070 persons, an 



\1 \\l FACT! RE 



23 



of about 160,000 over the number 
employed in 1910. In L910 New York stood first 
among the states in L06 industries oul of a total 
of 265: the five most valuable of these were cloth- 



factures are: first, convenient power and raw 
material; second, ability to obtain killed labor; 
third, facilities foi handling both raw m 
ami the finished products. New York City is 




Sewing tne sheets cu a book pnpanitnrv In binding. 

ing tor women ami men, printing am! publishing, 
foundry and machine shop products, slaughtering 
and meat packing, ami bread ami bakery products, 
i (ther articles in which New York leads are men's 
furnishing goods, millinery, leather gloves ami 
mitten-, refined sugar, prepared coffee and spices, 
confectionery, chemicals, electrical machinery, 
hosiery and knit goods, tobacco products, and 
musical instruments. 

Distribution of Manufactures. The causes de- 
termining the distribution of the various manu- 



e\ iTv minute. 

the greatest labor market in the state, ami one of 
the greatest in the world. 11 furnishes mine than 
one-half the manufactures of the state. These 
are of meat variety, and many require high tech- 
nical skill. Among such are fine shoes and gloves, 
millinery, jewelry, and various articles made of 
metal. The clothing product (one-fifth of the 
wholei is the result both of abundant labor ami 
of the enormous local trade. By far the greater 
part of the city's products are sold at home. 
Buyers come from every part of the l 
Mate- to purchase stock for both u hole-ale and 

retail establishments. 




iw Vurk State. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 




The works of the General Electric Company at Schenectady. 



Sugar-refining and oil-refining are carried 
on largely in Brooklyn because of the conven- 
ience of transportation. Crude oil is forced 




through pipes under the Hudson and East rivers from the 
Pennsylvania wells. The refined product is shipped in tank 
steamers to nearly every port in the world. Raw sugar and 
molasses from the West Indies are landed right at the doors 
of the Brooklyn refineries. The coffee and spice industries 
and I he chemical and cordage industries center in New York 
because the raw materials are most conveniently assembled 
there. The lumber, wood pulp, and paper industries are 
located on the northern and western borders of the state, 
because of the proximity of the Adirondack and Canadian 
forests. The towns of the middle Hudson and the Mohawk 
arc largely devoted to the making of knit goods and textiles. 
The chief reason for this is the cheapness of factory sites and 
power. Flour and mill products are produced at Buffalo and 
Rochester where wheat can be brought by water to the mills. 
Distribution of Population. New York has an average 
of about 200 persons per square mile. Nearly three- 
fourths of the population, however, live in and near the 
great cities and manufacturing centers. New York City 
(Greater New York) has over half the total population 
of the state. The extensive manufacturing industries 
of cities give rise to a variety of occupations. The fac- 
tories employ about 1,000,000 persons, but a still larger 
number is engaged in supplying the needs of this army 
of workmen and in handling the products. It may be 
stated as a general principle of geography that the 
density of population in any country varies according 
to the opportunities offered for profitable labor. 




ranna near Buffalo. The upper picture shows a Bessemer crucible 
in action. 



( 1 I'll - 



25 




Loading bottled milk in an express car for shipment to New York City 



Cities. The metropolis of the western hemi- 
sphere, and, next to London the largest city in the 
world, is New York. In 1898 I Greater New York 
was established by an acl of the State Legislature, 
which incorporated into one mu- 
nicipality the old cities of New 
York City and Brooklyn, with 
Staten Island and the presenl 
boroughs of the Bron \ a a d 
Queens. The greater city has an 
area of aboul 360 square miles, 
an extreme length of '■'>' miles and 
a breadth of nearly 25 miles. It 
comprises the five boroughs of 
Manhattan. Brooklyn, Queens, 
the Bronx, and Richmond. 



ulable for wh 

le in length. The 

harbor is i ■ 

River with I ' - >und, and 

with Newark Bay by the Kill van 
Kull. By way of the Hudson River 
ma canals leading into it, 
New York immunica- 

tion with the < ireal Laki 

enter the city from the 
ill Term- 
inal. The Pennsylvania 
passenger terminal also is in the 
heart of the city and is reached 
through tubes under the Hudson 
and East rivet freight is handled 
in the Borough ol 
at Long [sland City. ' i 
roads have theii tei minals in Jersej 
id Hoboken, and transfer their passengers and 
freight to New York by ferry. These numerous 
lines of communication are of the greatest impor- 
tance in making the city a huge market. Local 



^■^JB^^rfyjH^^J 



The most striking characteristic 
of New York City is its advanta- 

• nation for commerce. The harbor includes 
the Upper and Lower hays, the estuary of the Hud- 
son, and the East River, affoi tough to 
accommodate the ships of the world. The water- 



\ field of stor ige tanks foi | I I 




A group of factories built "f concrete, in Brookly 
ire manufactured here. 



transportation is provided for by an extensive sys- 
tem of electric railways, on the surface, in subways, 

and on elevated structures and viaducts; ferries, 
bridges, and tubes cross the rivers. The chi 

radiate from the City Hall in Manhattan, Other 

'•I' travel are at the I rrand < lentral and Penn- 
sylvania terminals, at the 23rd Sn-cct, the 34th 
Street, and the 1 2 1 h 1 Street intersections with Broad- 
way, and at the numerous railroad terminals along 
the Hudson River. 

The City Government. The govern nt of 

New York ( 'ity is a complicated system consisting 
of many departments employing about 75,000 
persons, and costing upwards of $200,000,000 
annually. The executive authority is ve 
the Mayor and in the Borough Presidents. The 
Board of Aldermen is the legislative body and 
makes laws and ordinances for the city. The city 
is divided into 7:5 districts, each of which i 



26 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



one alderman. The judicial department com- 
prises both civil and criminal courts. The civil 
courts consist of a municipal court of 24 branches, 
one of which is located in each municipal court 
district; of the surrogates courts as provided by 
the State Constitution; and of the City Court, 
located in Manhattan Borough. The criminal 




A relief map of Ne 



courts consist first of city magistrates courts, 
which sit in different parts of the. city in an 
assigned district; these courts try minor offenses. 
There are 38 magistrates and one chief magis- 



trate. Some of the magistrates courts are de- 
voted to traffic cases, some to domestic relations 
cases, and some are children's courts. The higher 
criminal courts are the courts of general sessions 




A telephone central office in New York City. 



and of special sessions. In each of the five coun- 
ties comprised within the area of New York City, 
there is a Surrogates Court, the Supreme Court, 
and (except in New York County) a county 
court. There are also courts of the United States 
in New York City. 

The principal officials of the city are elected by 
the people, but the heads of departments and other 
administrative officers are appointed by the Mayor. 
Most of the affairs of the city are entrusted to 
bureaus and departments, the most important of 
which are those of Police, Fire, Health, Education, 
Public Works, Finance, Law, Charities, Correction, 
Taxes and Assessments, Docks and Ferries, Parks, 
and Civil Service. The Public Works Department 
is subdivided into the departments of Public 
Buildings and Offices, Bridges, Water Supply, Gas 
and Electricity, Street Cleaning, and Tenement 
Houses. The Board of Estimate and Apportion- 
ment consists of the Mayor, the Comptroller, the 
President of the Board of Aldermen, and the Borough 
Presidents; their duty is to make out the "Budget" 
or estimate of the city expenses for each ensuing 
year. The Public Service Commission has charge 
of all public service corporations, such as street 
railway, telephone, and companies supplying light, 




View of lower New-York from Brooklyn. 



en [es 



27 




heat, and power. The Commission has charge of 
the construction of the subways, which w 

- 100,000,000. The Depart menl of VVati i 
ply constructs reservoirs and aqueducts to supply 
the city with pure water. The principal 




The < i red f oi use in 

Ni h "> ork City. 

■ supply are the < !roton watershed and reser- 
voir in West i County and t be Ashokan 
Watershed in Ulster County. Water is 
from these sources through concrete tunnels to 
distributing resi <va which it is 
through 1 1 . . i i 
pipes to every house 
ling in the city. 
Buffalo, the second 
city in population, is 
: mi the Ni- 
agara R 

foot of Lake Erie. In 
manufactures and 
commercial import- 
ance it ranks i 
New York. The fine 
harbor at Buffalo, its 
facilities for transpor- 
tation by lakes, rivers, 
canals, and railroads, 
and its nearness to the 
coal regions of Penn- 



sylvania have contributed largely 
to the city's prosperity . Lumber, 

iron ore, and gram are transferred 
from lake steamers to the canals 
and railroads for shipment to 

points fart her east, and many of 

i. manufac- 

tured at. Buffalo. It has over 
2,000 manufacturing establish- 
ments, which produce p 

■ ■ ■ . metal work 
and hardware, lumber and furni- 
ture, clothing, silk, chemicals, 
soap, i" rfumi i j 
leather goods, and a long list of other articles. 
'road repair shops en i 10 men, 

and the total number of persons employed in the 
manufacturing establishments exo 

Many of the factories make use of electric power 

generated a1 Niagara Falls. 

ad greatest market of 1 1 

n. flour, live stock, lumber, coal, oil, and 
iron. Owing to the interruption of navigation by 

racl of Niagara, Buffalo is I be eastern ter- 
minus of the Great Lake-, and contains man 

grain elevators and facilities it,v storing 

coal, iron, lumber, and other bulkj 

The city is handsomely laid ou 

miles of well paved and well kepi streets, lined with 

fine residences and tall busine 

Rochester, the third city, is on the Gi 
Riveraboul seven miles from LakeOntario. The 

Falls at this point supply power to the 

and at time thej served the flour 

mills for which the city was then famous. To-day, 
however, flour is an unimportant product. The 
largest industry is the manufacture of optical 




of the tunnel 

< lompare I be 



from the Ashokan Dam to New York. 
iith that of the team of horses. 



28 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



instruments and photographic apparatus and 
supplies, employing about 10,000 persons. The 
products next in importance are clothing and 
textile goods, boots and shoes, and a variety of 
metal goods and machinery. The 
factory employees number about 
60,000. Near the city are large 
nurseries where fruit trees, seeds, 
and plants are grown. The 
beauty and extent of the fields 
and gardens devoted to this pur- 
pose have given Rochester the 
name "Flower City." The Erie 
Canal, the Genesee River, which 
is navigable to Lake Ontario, and 
six trunk lines of railway provide 
transportation. 

Syracuse, the fourth city, is 
also connected with Lake Ontario 
by canals and is situated on the 
line of the New York Central 
Railroad and Erie Canal. It was 
once famous for the manufacture 
of salt, but this industry is now consolidated at 
Solvay, a suburb of the city. The chief manu- 
factures at present are automobiles, typewriting 
and registering machines, castings, clothing, boots 
and shoes, and iron and steel goods. The metal 
industries employ about 13,000 men, or one-half 



the Mohawk River joins the Hudson Valley and 
hence are midway on the lines of transportation 
between New York City and the Great Lakes. 
This fact has insured the growth and prosperity 





A part of Buffalo Harbor on Lake Erie. 

of these cities and many smaller places. The 
Capitol stands on a hill overlooking the river and 
is the most expensive and elaborate structure of 
this kind in the country. The railway repair 
shops at West Albany are next in importance to 
those at Buffalo. Other leading industries of 
Albany are the manufacture of chemicals, men's 
shirts and white goods. 

Cities in the Valley of the Hudson. In the neigh- 
borhood of New York there are several large resi- 
dential cities, some of which have important 
industries also. Adjoining the metropoli on the north 
is Yonkers, noted for its manufactures of carpets, 



A field of asters on 



farm near Rochester. 



the total factory wage earners. The Syracuse 
University with over 4,000 students occupies a 
fine site in the southern part of the town. 

Albany. The capital is the second oldest 
settlement in the state and was originally called 
Fort Orange. It marks the point where the 
Indians left the trail from the Mohawk River and 
embarked with their canoes and beaver skins upon 
the Hudson. Albany and the neighboring cities 
of Troy and Cohoes are built where the valley of 




Young trees growing in a nursery near Rochester. 

rugs, and felt hats, which give employment to about 
10,000 persons. It has also machine shops and a 
sugar refinery. East of Yonkers are Mount Vernon 
and New Rochelle, the former noted for silverware 
and clothing, and the latter for printing and scales. 
Northeast of New Rochelle on Long Island Sound 



CITIES 




are Mamaroneck and Port Chester; the first is 
or rubber and gutta percha goods and the 
for hardware, bed linen, and cooking and 
heating appliances. Other towns in Westchester 
County are Ossining, Peekskill, Tarrytown, Hast- 
ings, Irvington, and White Plains, the county seat. 
■ seal of a state prison; Peekskill Is 
noted for clothing, and Hastings and Irvington for 
metal goods. This part of the state was the scene of 
important events in the Revolutionary War. Brew- 
ster is a railroad center and the chief town in Put nam 
County; its principal manufactured product is con- 
densed milk. On the west shore of the Hudson 
Ossining is Haverstraw, noted for brick, 

terra cotta, and other clay products. At tl a- 

trance to the gorge which the Hudson has cut 
through the Highlands, in the midsl of beautiful 
in scenery, is West Point, the seat of the 
United States Military Academy. 

Middletown and Newburgh are the chief cities in 
Orange County; the first is an important railroad 
center and has large repair shops; Newburgh's chief 
products are clothing, woolen goods, engines, and 
machinery. The Hasbrouck house in Newburgh, 
leneral Washington as his head- 
quarters and was the scene of the disbanding 
Colonial army, is still a, favorite resort for touri.-ts. 



Fifteen miles north i I 
burgh, on the easl bank of the 

River, is Poughkeep- 
sie, with numerous manufac- 
tures, chiefly of farm machinery 
and clol bing Poughkeepsie is 

of Vassar < 'oil 
the Hudson River Hospital for 
the Insane. A railroad bridge 
crosses i he ri\ er at t hi 

Newburgh Ls Beacon. 

one of the leading centers where 

men's hats are manufactured. 
This i it y was formed by I he 
union of Matteawan and Fish- 
kill. The leading tow 
t u ee n Po u g h k ee psie a n d 
All. mv are Kingston, Catskill, 
and Hudson. King-ton man- 
ufact ures tobacco products; Catskill is the distribut- 
ing point for tourists \ isiting the * latskill Mountains. 
\ railroad leads from the river to their summits. 
Hudson, the seat of Columbia County, opposite 
Catskill, has large cement works and knitting mills. 



■alt. chloride of lime, 

lit, llllle- 





A game o 



and office of the Eastman Kodak Company at 
Rochester. 

The largest city north of Albany is Troy, the fifth 
city of the state in the extent of its manufactures. 

More than one-half oi of men's shirts 

and collars, in which it is the leading city of the 
United States. Its iron I i 
and steel mills are next in inipor- 
t ance. Mo are made 

in Troy than in any other city in 
the United State-. Among the 
noted educational institution- of 
the city, are the Renssi 

I ■ -unite, and the Troy 
Female Seminary, which was es- 
tablished by Emma Willard, and 
i- the oldest school in the state for 
the higher education of women, 
t (ppositeTroy is Watervliet, where 
cannon are manufactured for the 
United States Army. Cohoes is 



30 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



built near the junction of the Mo- 
hawk with the Hudson River. The 
great falls at this point furnish 
power for more than 100 factories, 
which produce cotton, hosiery, and 
knit goods. This city ranks first 
in the United States in the manu- 
facture of knit goods. Near the 
headwaters of the Hudson, where 
it bends eastward, are Glens Falls, 
Fort Edward, and Hudson Falls, all 
of which manufacture wood pulp 
and paper from timber brought 
from the forest regions farther 
north. Glens Falls ranks first in 
paper and has also large shirt, col- 
lar, and other clothing industries. Saratoga Springs 
and Ballston Spa, on the west side of the Hudson, 




Clay beds at Roseton, New York. Notice the manner of quarrying the clay 
from successive terraces, thus accommodating a great many laborers at 



town has also paper mills and railway repair shops. 
Cities of the Mohawk Valley. At the foot of this 
valley is Cohoes, the terminus of both the Erie and 




Brickyards near Haverstraw. Alter the bricks come irmn 
the molding and pressing machine they are placed in 
the sun to dry before baking. 

are both noted watering places. Mechanicville and Champlain canals. A few miles west of Cohoes is 
Waterford are noted for knit goods; the first-named Schenectady, a city of 90,000 inhabitants, which 

owes its rapid growth to the extraordinary de- 
velopment of its manufactures of electrical ap- 
paratus and locomotives. These are the chief 
industries of the city and employ over 20,000 
people. Schenectady is the seat of Union Uni- 
versity, the second oldest college in the state. 
Farther west lies Amsterdam with its cotton 
and hosiery mills and carpet factories, which 
employ nearly 10,000 people; silk goods, 
brooms, and buttons are also made in Amster- 
dam. The chief manufacturing towns of Ful- 
ton County are Johnstown and Gloversville ; 
the latter manufactures more than half the 
gloves and mittens made in the United States. 
Little Falls, on the Mohawk River, has mag- 
nificent water power, which is utilized in its 
cotton and hosiery mills. A few miles farther 
west is Ilion, the leading town in the manu- 
facture of typewriting machines and fire arms. 
The Hasbrouck house at Newburgh, New York. Near the headwaters of the Mohawk in Oneida 




CITIES 



:;i 



Co arc Utica and Rome. Utica is a leading 

city in cut tuns and knit goods; Rome leads in brass 
and bronze. New York Mills, near Utica, has the 
dlilc^t cotton mill in the state. Oneida County is a 
productn e fruit and '. upplies 

raw material to numerous canneries. A canal hav- 







Sorting and packing colla 






ing its eastern terminus at Ro the Mo- 

hawk River with ( lucid 

Cities of the Lake Plain. The principal i 
the Lake Plain arc Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. 
Near the eastern edge of the Plain, a few miles west 
of Utica, is Oneida, the most important town in 
Madison County. It is situated 
on a branch of the Erie Canal and 
on several railroads. Among its 
manufactures, casket s, 
products, and hardware are the 
most valuable. Nine miles dis- 
tant is the beautiful Oneida Lake 
and near by is the social or- 

'i known as i ; 
i 'ommunity. Near < lm 
village of Canastota, « I 
icles of various kinds 
The village of Hamilton is the 
scat of Colgate University. Ful- 
ton is built along the i 

Syracuse with < Iswego; it 
is a flourishing town di 

the manufacture of woolen and 
worsted goods, paper, and hre- 

Oswego is an import 
of entry on the SO 
of Lake ( mtario at t he mouth of 
the river and canal of the same 
name. [1 • minus of 

three important railroad-. The 
town stand- on 

the river, which is 
spanned by three bridges. A fall 

• affords water power for manufacturing in- 
dustries in which about 5,000 people arc employed. 
The chief products are, starch, matches, engii 

tons, and hosiery. Thl 

Oswego. Fort Ontario, near the city, recalls impor- 
tant events in the colonial wars. About 25 miles 



west of Syracuse al the foot of Oswego Lake is 
Auburn, a flourishing manufacturing citj and the 
seat of a state prison. The chief products of its 

icultural machinery, i 
and shoes. Geneva is built at the fool 

Seneca Falls with it- engine and 
boiler works, and northward along 
1 fork Central 

Railroad is Lyons with its 
and silk mills. I I 
I eva is Cananda- 

igua, a summer n 
for i he canning industrii 

is Penn 
Yan on Keuka Lake. The shores 

Of this lake are liti 

v. with vineyards, for 
ond lai 
The principal towns west of the meridian of 
Rochester are Niagara Falls, Lockport, Batavia, 
North Tonawanda, Tonawanda, and Medina. Niag- 
ara Falls is a flourishing city that has grown up 
beside the great cataract. The power supplied by 
the falls ha ei raged the buildii of factories, of 







One of the 



of the I It 

are put together, 



ililcd. 



which there are 167, employi 
persons. The chief product 



ig more than 12,000 
arc chemicals, elec- 
trical apparatu and carborundum, a 
substance used for grinding and polishing. The 
enormous power of the falls has been utilized also 
for developing electricity, v, 



32 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



mitted into tunnels above the falls and flows through 
a series of turbine water wheels. These wheels are 
connected with the dynamos, and the current of 
electricity is carried- to the neighboring cities for 
purposes of lighting, manufacturing, etc. Lockport 
takes its name from the great, canal locks at this 
point. It is a manufacturing town producing paper 
and pulp and various articles of hardware. North 
Tonawanda is noted as a lumber market, and manu- 
factures lumber products, silk goods, and machin- 
ery. Batavia, the most important town in Genesee 
County, is the seat of the state asylum for the blind, 
and manufactures farm machinery and lumber prod- 
ucts. Albion and Medina are the principal manu- 
facturing towns in Orleans County; both are noted 
for their canning industries. 

Important Towns in the Plateau Region. The 
largest city in this section is Binghamton, stand- 
ing at the junction of the Susquehanna and Chen- 




Testing range-finders on the roof of a factory at Rochester. 
These instruments are used in sighting guns and rifles 
for long distances. 

ango rivers and at the intersection of several lines 
of railway. It has large railway repair shops; is 
a market for coal, lumber, and flour; has extensive 
manufactures of boots and shoes, cigars and to- 
bacco, and has a variety of iron and steel goods. 
The state hospital for the insane is at Binghamton. 
The shoe factories at Johnson City 
and Endicott, near the city of 
Binghamton, are among the larg- 
est in the country. Port Jervis, 
at the intersection of the Delaware 
and Neversink rivers, is noted as 
a pleasure resort. Near by ia 
the famous Delaware Water Cap. 
The town has numerous manu- 
facturing industries. Elmira is a 
railway center and the seat of 
Elmira College for women and of 
a state reformatory. It manu- 
factures automobiles, cotton 
goods, and structural iron. North- 
east of Elmira at the head of Cay- 
uga Lake is Ithaca, the seat of 
Cornell University and the State 




Congivss Spring Park at Saratoga Springs. 

Agricultural College. The scenery in this vicinity 
is picturesque with waterfalls and canyons. The 
chief industries of Ithaca, are printing, book-making, 
and iron work. Cortland has large steel mills, and 
Norwich is the center of dairying industries. In the 
southwestern part of the state are several large and 
important cities. Hornell is noted for its silk mills 
and Corning for its glass work. Olean is in the oil 
regions, which extend into the state from Pennsyl- 
vania. Its products are chiefly oil, clay, and glass. 
It has large railway repair shops. Jamestown, the 
largest city in the southwestern part of the state, 
manufactures furniture and woolen goods. It has 
also many printing establishments. Dunkirk on 
Lake Erie has large locomotive works. A famous 
town in this section is Chautauqua, the meeting place 
of the Chautauqua Assembly, a popular summer 
school. 

Towns of Northern New York. The largest city 
in this section is Watertown on the Black River. 
This river supplies power for the pulp and paper 




View of the Remington An 



us Company, at Ilion, N. Y., where typewriters and 
rifles are manufactured. 




Putter I '■ il 1 1 1 >;. M \ 



mills of the city, and for other factories, producing 
engines, machinery, and various railway supplies. 
Watertown has numerous printing establishments. 
Ogdensburg is on the St. Lawrence River at the 
mouth of the Oswegetchie Creek, which supplies 
power for its lumber mills. Plattsburg is the prin- 
cipal city on Lake Champlain and is a lumber and 
center, and the seal of a state normal school. 
Potsdam also has a normal school and Malone is the 
the New York Institute for Deaf Mutes. 
Many towns in this section are devoted to the manu- 
facture of lumber products, pulp, and pap< 

statistical table). 

History. The Hudson River Valley and the 
islands bordering New York Bay were discovered 
and settled by the Dutch In the 

latter year Manhattan Island was purchased 
from the Indians, and a little later the territory 
bordering the Hudson was granted, in vasl estatt 
to the " Patroons." The colony was ruled by the 
Dutch West India Company, and an extensive 
trade in furs was carried on with the Indians. As 




in the tunc nl peter Sniyvcsant. 



house of the New York I on the 

I ..i i River. 

the governors sent out by the company were auto- 
cratic the people had little liberty. Peter Stuy- 
vesant, the last and besl of the Dutch governors, 
was nicknamed the "Czar of Muscovy," on 
account of Ins haughty behavior. The surrender 
of the colony to the English in 1664 was merely an 
incident in the long wars waged by England with 
Holland. Under English rule, a little more liberal 
form of government was established and thi 

York colony increased rapidly in population and 
wealth. The settlements were pushed westward 

from Albany and peaceful relations wen- estab- 
lished with the powerful Indian tribes who held 
the central and western parts of the state. There 

are still aliout 5,000 Indians in the state who live 

on reservations (see page 45). 

During the Revolution, and in the earlier colonial 

wars, New York was the scene of many important 

military events. The mosl noted of these were the 

of < >riskany and Saratoga, and the subsequent 

i r the Revolu- 

ion, the state was developed rapidly 

from New 1 
well as from Great Britain, France, 
and Germany. During the war of 

was conducted along the 

New York to check in\ 

Canada. The naval vii 

1 t lhamplain 

of this war. The later 

the state is closely as- 
sociated with the development of 
its lines of transportation. 

Government. The ' 
tmii describes the manner in 



34 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



which the state shall be governed. The one now 
in force was adopted by the people in 1894. and 
has since been amended in some particulars. It 




Drying fruit in the sun in Wayne County. 

is divided into fifteen articles and 154 sections, 
each section dealing with some particular topic. 
Article I has nineteen sections treating of per- 
sonal and property rights. We may call this 




Making cut gla 



articles in the Hawkes Works 
at Corning. 



four months a resident of the county, and for 
thirty days a resident of the election district, is 
entitled to vote. No person shall be allowed to 
vote who has either given or accepted any money 
or other valuable thing for the purpose of either 
giving or withholding votes at any election. Other 
provisions deal with the right to vote of those en- 
gaged in the army or navy service, or of those who 
have been temporarily absent from the state. This 
Article provides also for the registration of voters 
and the conduct of elections. 

The Legislature and Its Powers. Article III 
describes the two branches of the Legislature 
(the Senate and the Assembly), the manner in 




article a "Bill of Rights," since it guarantees the 
right of trial by jury, freedom of worship, the 
right of habeas corpus, freedom of speech and of 
the press, and the right to as- 
semble and petition the govern- 
ment. It provides also for the 
payment of damages to workmen 
injured through the carelessness 
of employers. 

The Right to Vote. Article II 
describes the qualifications of 
voters. Every male citizen 
twenty-one years of age, who has 
been :i citizen for ninety days, an 
inhabitant of the state for one n 

Ine Johnson shoe lactones al 
year next proceeding an election, the largest single plant in 



Cornell University and Cayuga Lake. 

which laws are made, and the various subjects 
about which they may be made. The state is 
divided into fifty districts, each of which chooses 
one senator for a term of two years, and into 150 
smaller districts, each of which chooses one 
assemblyman for one year. The boundaries of 
all these districts are given in the Constitution. 
Each member of the Legislature receives a salary 
of $1,500 annually. Any bill may originate in 
either house, and it may be amended or changed 
by the other house. Every bill must receive a 
majority of the votes of each house and be signed 
by the Governor before it can become a law. 
Some bills must receive a two-thirds vote. 




W'L HHm 






, near Binghamton; this 
mploying about 12,000 



i;<>\ i.iiwiia r 



35 



The Executive Branch. Articles l\ 
describe the executive division of thi 
The i iovernor is the chiel executive, and together 
with the Lieutenant-Governor, the Secretary of 
State, I lomptroller, Treasurer, Attorney-* reneral, 
and State Engineer and Sui ted for 





- ite CapitoL 

two years and receives an annual salary of 
110,000. The Governor is Commander-in-Chief 
of the State National Guard, and he may sum- 
mon the Legislature u ion. fie -inns 
or vetoes all bills passed by the Legislature and 
may pardon, convict, or otherwise alter a sen- 
tence passed by the courts. The Legislature 
may pass a bill over the Governor's veto by a 
two-thirds vote. The Lieutenant-Governor pre- 
sides over the Senate and succeeds to the gov- 
ernorship in case of the death of the Governor 
or In- i i p rform the duties of the 
office. 

The Secretary of Si 
of the government. The ( lomptrolli i 
all matters relating I I 

and pays out all money belonging to the 

The Attorney-General is the state's lawyer. 

and may prosecute and defend all legal actions in 

which the state is a i ty; he is also a member of 

various state boards. gineer and Sur- 

veyor has charge of all engineering carried on by the 
i iting to highways; I 
ii !■ of the < 'anal Board and othi 
Other Executive Officers. Besidi 
elected by the people my who are ap- 

nor to take charge ol 
public affairs. The Governor appoints a ■ 

ulture and various boards and trustees 
who have charge of > ' of agriculture 

and other ind - or appoints a 



superintendent of banking, a Btate board of charities, 
and thei 

and charitable institutions. The < rovernor appoints 

also a civil service commission, a conservation com- 

rintendenl of elections, a 

,',,1111111 ioner of i er of foods and 

. hi'.-di Ii officers . a big 

ommission, a publi i immission, and 

a host of others as provided by the Constitution 

and laws. 

The Judicial Department. The Constitution 
proA ides for a system of courts and for the elec- 
tion of judges. Some of these courts such 
('(nut of Appeals and the Supreme Court, have 
jurisdiction throughout the state, while others are 

restricted tu cities, counties, or rural townships. 
The Court of Appeals is the highesl courl : it con- 
sists of a chief judge and six associate judges 

elected for fourteen years by the people, if the State. 

This court is held at Albany, and n- dut 
review decisions made by lower courts. The Su- 
preme Court derives its name from the fad thai 
when established (in 1777) it was the highest court 
in the state; Imt appeals may now be taken from 
ii- decisions to the Court of Appeals, (established 
in 1846) after firs! being reviewed by a special 
branch of the Supreme Courl known as "ap- 
pellate division." There are four appellate divi- 




litol. Portraits 
of formi ' be seen upon the walls. 

sions, one in each of the four judicial di-li il 

the stale. The judges of the Supreme ( 1< 
elected by the voters of the judicial di 
for a term of fourteen years, each district choos- 
certain number as provided by the legisla- 
ture. There an at presenl 106 Supreme < !our1 
judges apportioned among the counties according 
to population and to the amount of business to 
be done. The Supreme Courl in the person of 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



one or more of its judges, sits at least part of the 
year in each county, and continuously in the more 
populous counties. 

County and Town Courts. The electors of 
each county choose one or more judges who hold 
office for a period of six years; they may choose 
also a special judge called a surrogate, who has the 
power to hear and decide matters concerning wills 
and intestate estates. Where there is no surro- 
gate, the county judge has charge of these matters. 
One or more justices of the peace are chosen by 
the electors of each township for a period of four 
years; these justices have jurisdiction over petty 
civil and criminal matters. In general, the 
jurisdiction of a court depends upon the amount 
of money involved, in civil cases, and on the 
nature of the offense, in criminal cases. 

The Remaining Articles. Article VII treats of 
the power of the state to incur debts, and describes 
the various purposes for which debts may be in- 
curred. Among such purposes are the construction 
of canals, and the building of highways. Article 
VIII treats of corporations, such as banks, counties, 
cities, towns, villages, and also of certain state 
boards. Article IX deals with public education. 
Article X treats of county officers and other officers 
not elsewhere provided for. Article XI treats of 
the State Militia, which comprises all able-bodied 
citizens between the ages of eighteen and forty-five 





M ^^^&, f 


' .:>jj 





The Assembly Chamber 



years. Article XII treats of the organization of 
cities and villages. Article XIII prescribes the oath 
of office for the members of the Legislature, pro- 
hibits bribery and corruption, .and forbids the 
acceptance of free passes over railroads or the use 
of the postal service. Article XIV provides for 
amendments to the Constitution and for the making 
of new constitutions. The last Article fixes the 
date when the present Constitution became effective. 



State Institutions. The penal institutions con- 
sist of state prisons at Ossining, Dannemora, and 
Auburn; reformatories at Napanoch, Elmira, 
and Bedford; penitentiaries, houses of refuge, 
workhouses, and jails, in the several counties. 
Besides these there are numerous asylums, 




A corner of the Governor's room in the Capitol. 
Ex-Governor Charles E. Hughes is seated at the desk. 

industrial schools, and benevolent institutions 
for the unfortunate of every class. 

Education. The educational system includes 
elementary schools, high schools, and colleges and 
universities; various scientific, technical, and pro- 
fessional schools; normal schools and training 
classes for teachers; public libraries, museums, 
and associations connected with the arts and 
sciences. The smallest unit is the rural school dis- 
trict, of which the state contains 10,498. The 
districts of each township are under the control 
of a town board of education. Villages of 1500 
population and all cities may have separate boards. 
The school districts are also grouped into 189 
larger districts, each under the charge of a dis- 
trict superintendent. 

The number of pupils enrolled in the elementary 
schools is about 1,900,000. Next above the ele- 
mentary schools are the public high schools and pri- 
vate academies, which number about 950, attended 
by about 170,000 pupils. 

Higher Education. The state has 22 normal 
and training schools for teachers, besides over 100 
normal classes maintained in the high schools 
and academies, with a total of nearly 10,000 stu- 
dents. By means of these schools and classes, 
competent teachers are secured for the public 
schools. At the top of the educational system 
stand the 33 colleges and universities scattered 



EDU< ATION 



37 




Colleges for Women. College of Mount St. 
:. New York; College of New Rochelle; 
Barnard Colli D'You- 

\ ill.- College and i.cad< mj of the H 

. Elmira College; Hunter I lollege, New 



I'lir main buildings of Fordham University, 

V a York Tity. 

throughout the state: 17 of these are For men, 9 
are for women, and 7 admit both sexes. The larger 
colleges have departments of law, medicine, the- 





A part of th 



ology, education, and engineering; other profes- 
sions such as dentistry, pharmacy, accounting, 
art. music, and library science, besides technical 
and business education, are 
usually provided for by special 
schools. 



HIGHER INSTITUTIONS OF 
LEARNING IN NEW YORK 
STATE 

Colleges for Men. ( lanisius < !ol- 

Hamilton; College of St. Francis 
! irooklyn; The ' 
i New York , ' 
University, New York; Fordham 
University, New York; Hamilton 
atoi . Hobart < lollege, 
. Manhattan < Jollege, New 
York: New York University; Ni- 
ne, Niagara Falls; 
St. Bo 

lege, Brooklyn; St. John's College, Brooklyn; St. 
Joseph's Seminary and College, New York; St. 
' lollege, Annandale; Union University, 
rtady. 



College of the City of New York. 

York; Vassar College, Poughkeepsie; Wells College, 
Aurora; W illiam Smith ( lollegi . I leneva. 

Colleges for Men and Women. Adelphi Col- 
lege, Brooklyn; Alfred University; Cornell Uni- 
versity, [thaca; New York State College for 
Teachers, Albany; St. Lawrence University, 
Si racuse I uiversity; University of 
Rochester. 

Normal Schools. Brockport, Buffalo, Cortland, 
Fredonia, < leneseo, New Pal 

Plattsburg, and Potsdam. Teachers' Training 
Schools are established al Albany, Buffalo, Cohoes, 
Jamestown, New York, Brooklyn, Jamaica, Roch- 
Syracuse, Watertow u, and 
Yonkers. 



safe*- -■* 



ter University. 
Schools of Law. The universities of Columbia, 

Cornell. Fordham. New York. St. Lawrence. Syra- 
cuse, Union, and Buffalo have departments of 
law; the New York Law School is located in that 
city. 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK STATE 



Schools of medicine are established at Columbia, 
Cornell, Fordham, New York, Syracuse, Union, and 
Buffalo universities. The Long Island College 
Hospital is in Brooklyn; New York Homeopathic 
Medical College is at the Flower Hospital: New 
York has also the Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, the Post Graduate Medical School and 
Hospital, the Polyclinic Medical School and Hospi- 
tal, and the New York Medical 
College and Hospital for Women. 

Schools of theology are con- 
ducted at Alfred, Colgate, Roches- 
ter, and St. Lawrence universities; 
other theological schools are: Au- 
burn Theological Seminary, Gen- 
eral Theological Seminary, at New 
York, Martin Luther Seminary at 
Buffalo, Hart wick Seminary, Jewish 
Theologic Seminary at New York, 
Seminary of Our Lady of Angels 
at Niagara, St. Bernard's Seminary 
at Rochester, St. Bonaventure's 
Theological School at Allegany, St. John's Theo- 
logical School in Brooklyn, and St. Joseph's Semi- 
nary at Yonkers. 

Schools of education are established at Columbia-, 
Cornell, New York and Syracuse universities, 
Schools of pharmacy are maintained at Columbia. 
Fordham, Union, and Buffalo universities; Brooklyn 
has a College of Pharmacy. There are two schools 
of dentistry in New York City and one in Buffalo. 
Veterinary schools are attached to Cornell and New 
York universities. Rochester has a School of Op- 
tometry; New York has a School of Chiropody. The 
Pratt Institute of Brooklyn has a School of Library 
Science, and similar schools are maintained also at 
the New York Public Library and at the State 



Technology at Potsdam. The principal schools of 
music in the state are the American College of 
Musicians, the American Institute of Applied Music, 
the Grand Conservatory of Music, the Institute of 
Musical Art, the Trinity Church Organ School, and 
the College of Music, all of which are in New York 
City; there are also conservatories of music at 
Portland and Ithaca. The chief schools of art are 





St. Joseph's Seminary and College at Yonkers, 
New York. 

Library at Albany. Schools of engineering and 
technology are maintained at Columbia, Cornell, 
New York, and Syracuse universities; besides these 
there are the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at 
Troy, the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Sibley 
College at Ithaca, and the Clarkson College of 



State College for Teachers, at Albany. 

the Cooper Union Art School and the School of 
Applied Design for Women in New York, and the 
College of Fine Arts at Syracuse University. Other 
institutions of note are the schools of Agriculture 
and Clay Working at Alfred University, the schools 
of Architecture and Journalism at Columbia Uni- 
versity, the colleges of Architecture and Agriculture 
at Cornell University, the colleges of Forestry and 
Agriculture at Syracuse LTniversity, the School of 
Commerce, Accounts, and Finance at New York Uni- 
versity, the School of Agriculture at St. Lawrence 
University, the New York Ophthalmic Hospital, 
and Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, which maintains 
departments of Fine Arts, Domestic Art, Domestic 
Science, Science and Technology, Kindergarten, and 
Libraries. 

Agriculture and Trade Schools. A new and 
important feature of the state's system of educa- 
tion is the provision made for the study of agri- 
culture and the trades. State agricultural schools 
are maintained at Cornell, Alfred, and St. Law- 
rence universities, and there are special schools 
at Morrisville, Farmingdale, Cobleskill, and Delhi. 
Cornell is the State College of Agriculture, and 
the State Agricultural Experiment Station is at 
Geneva. Students may begin the study of agri- 
culture in special classes maintained in 63 of the 
public high schools. There are 89 agricultural 
societies scattered throughout 59 of the counties, 
for the maintenance of which the state appropri- 
ates annually $250,000. 

The majority of the members of these societies 
are farmers; both the state government and the 
national government supply them with official 
information regarding the best methods of raising 
farm crops and farm animals. 



1 in CATION 



39 



Thru are now 52 vocational and industrial schools 
attended by over 2,500 boj - and girls, « bo are given 
a chani i what calling in life I : 

best adapted, and who are given a start in the occu- 
pations nf t heir choice. There arc 
a dozen or more schools for the 
blind, the deaf, and the feeble- 
minded, and for the n 
of those who are disposed to evil 



Board of Regents and Examin- 
ing Board. The head ol the 
public educational system is the 
Regents, consisting of 
twelve members elected by the 
State Legislature to serve for 
twelve years. The Board, to- 
gether with its executive officers, 
i- known as "The University of 
the State of New York." The 
State Commissioner of Educa- 
tion is elected by the Board and 
is one of its members. Be is tin- 
active head of the educational 
system, and receives an annual 
salary of 110,000. His staff consists of three 
assistants and fourteen directors of various de- 



partments. The Board of Regents, tl 

boards of examini rs, examines all applicants for 
teaching in the public elen ools, all 

students in the secondary schools, and all si 




ing public educat ion is transacted. 



of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, and accounting, 
besides nurses, veterinaries, and others; and 

issues diplomas and licenses to such as are 
qualified. 



REVIEWS AND STATISTICS 



Introductory. (1) Of what is the United States com- 
posed? (2) In what way does a state resemble the nation? 
(3) What are boundaries? (4) What powers do the 
people of a state have? (5) To what group of states 
does New York belong? (li) Describe its rank as com- 
pared with other states. (7) How did it acquire its 
title " Empire State "? Do you think that it will always 
retain this title? Give reasons. 

Location, Form, and Size. (1) Describe the location 
of New York and name the states and country which 
border it. (2) Describe the boundaries more exactly. 

(3) Give the general location in latitude and longitude. 

(4) What is the exact location of Albany? Of New York? 
(Give latitude and longitude in degrees and minutes.) 

(5) Indicate the approximate shape of New York by 
drawing nine straight lines of the proper relative lengths 
and directions. 

Physical Geography. (1) Give the three general 
surface divisions. (2) To what, system do the high- 
lands belong? (3) How do we know that the highlands 
are very old? (4) What is meant by "island moun- 
tains '".' (.">) What is said of the rocks of the Adirondack. 1 !? 

(6) What is their general elevation? (7) Name the two 
highest peaks. (8) Name some of the Adirondack lakes 
noted for fish and game. (9) Why has the state pur- 
chased large forests areas in the highland region? (10) 
How does the state get an income from its forest reserves? 
(11) Where are the Catskill Mountains? (12) Name two 
peaks that exceed 4,000 feet in height. (13) What is 
said about the scenery of the Catskills? About the 
forest reserves? (14) What other forest reserves and 
parks does the state own? (15) Describe the Plateau 
Region. (16) What is said of its valleys? (17) What 
large rivers have their sources in the plateau? (IS) What 
are the Finger Lakes? (19) Name the five most im- 
portant. (20) For what are these lakes useful? (21) What 
highlands are found in the eastern part of the state? 
(22) Which of these is crossed by the Hudson Valley? 
What is said of the Hudson gorge? (23) What are the 
Palisades? (24) Name the four chief lowland regions. 

I or what is the Hudson-Champlain Valley noted? 
(26) Describe the Central Valley. (27) Why has it been 
of great importance in the development of the state? 
(28) Where is the St. Lawrence Valley? (29) What is 
thought to be the origin of the Lake Plain? Of the At- 
lantic Plain? (30) Name the five principal drainage sys- 
tems. (31) What is said of tic Genesee River? (32) 
What river is the outlet of the Finger Lakes? (33) Name 
the principal streams of each drainage system. (34) Which 
river of the state is the largest and most useful? (35) De- 
scribe the Hudson River, beginning with the source and 
tracing it to the ocean. (36) What are tin 1 chief features 
of New York scenery? (37) Describe Niagara Falls. 

(38) What other important, waterfalls in the state? 

(39) Name" some natural curiosities. | 10) Which part 
of New York has the mildest climate? The coldest 
climate? (41) How do you account for the climate of 
the Lake Plain? (42) What is the average rainfall? 
(43) Explain the effect of glaciers on the soil of the state. 
(Ill How has tin- soil been affected by running waters? 
(45) In what way did the glacier cause lakes and water- 
falls'.' (46) Where are extensive forests found? (47) Name 
the chief varieties of trees. (48) What wild animals are 
common? (49) What game birds are found? (50) How 
are hunting and fishing regulated? 



Industries; Agriculture. (1) Why are the farm prod- 
ucts varied? (2) How does farming compare with other 
industries? (3) Where is the best farming country? 
What are the chief products of the lowdand regions? 
(4) What do the lighter soils produce? (5) Why are 
farmers better off now than they were a few years ago? 

(6) What has stimulated dairying and truck farming? 

(7) Describe the extent of the dairying industry. (8) 
What is said of the canning industry? (9) What section 
leads in apples? In grapes? (10) What county leads in 
peaches? (11) Describe the rank of New York in fruit- 
growing, dairying, and in cereals. (12) What is meant 
by mixed farming, and why is it profitable? 

Fisheries and Minerals. (1) In what three sections 
is fishing a profitable industry? (2) Name the chief 
varieties of sea fish, lake fish, river fish, and shell fish. 

(3) What is the most valuable mineral product, and 
where found? (4) How does New York rank in clay 
industries? (5) Where is brick-making carried on? (6) 
What two cities lead in pottery? (7) What kinds of 
building-stone are found? (S) What uses has limestone? 
(9) Where is cement rock found? (10) What county 
yields slate? (11) What is bluestone, and where found? 
(12) Name some uses made of sand. (13) What state 
exceeds New York in salt output? (14) In what counties 
is salt rock found? (15) Where is the largest salt mine 
in the state? (16) Why is brine a more convenient 
source of salt than rock? (17) What products are made 
at. Solvay from salt, limestone, and other materials? 
(IS) Name some places where brine is obtained. (19) 
What, is graphite, and for what used? (20) In what 
counties are mineral springs found? (21) Name four 
towns noted for medicinal springs. (22) Where is gyp- 
sum found, and for what is it used? (23) What coun- 
ties yield petroleum? Natural gas? (24) Name other 
minerals found in the state and describe how they 
are useful. 

Transportation. (1) Where are the chief natural high- 
ways of New York? (2) What is meant by calling New 
York City a gateway? (3) What is meant by " portages "? 

(4) Describe the routes of trade followed by the Indians 
and early colonists. (5) What was the first improvement 
made in transportation? (6) How did the Erie Canal 
affect the cost of transportation? (7) Name the most 
important canals in the state. (8) What invention 
brought the building of canals to a close'.' (9) Where is 
the oldest railroad in the state? (10) What is the most 
extensive railroad system in the state? (11) Name some 
of the important connections made by the New York 
Central. (12) In what part of the state does it have 
the greatest number of tracks? (13) W r hy does New York 
Central carry more of the state's products than any 
other road? Name some of these products. (14) De- 
scribe the main route of the Erie Railroad in New York. 

(15) What is the chief commodity carried by this road? 

(16) Give the location of the main line of the Delaware & 
Hudson Railroad. (17) Name some of the noted places 
along this route. What are the chief products carried? 
(18) To what system does the Long Island Railroad 
belong? Name its chief branches. (19) What products 
are carried by the Long Island Railroad? (20) What 
lines has the Pennsylvania System in the western part 
of the state? (21) Describe the main lines of the Lacka- 
wanna Railroad. (22) Why does it carry so much coal' 
(23) Give the location of the Lehigh Valley lines in New 



IMA [EWS \N 1 ) STATISTICS 



II 



York Of what does their freight chief) 
Name some of the towns reached bj the New 5fork, 
Ontario <v. Western. What are its chief freighl 
Name Borne impo >ut each of six other rail- 

road systems in the state (26) Mention ome of the 
lines operating less than tint miles of track. 27) How 
many miles of electric roads are in operation? 28 Name 
two li tding companies and describe their linei 
what pan of the state outside of the cities, do wi 
greatest number of electric roads? (30) How have the 
numerous railroads affected canal traffic? 31) Whj ire 
public highways more important than other 

i (escribe tin- method of building 
state roads. 

Manufactures. (1) What was the value of our manu- 
LO? In how many industries did New 5fork 
stand first among the states? 2) What causes determine 
the distribution of manufactures? 3 Why arc bo many 
kinds of workmen found in New York City? (4) What 
are the most important manufactures of the < il 
Where are the sugar-refining and oil-refining industries 
i, VVh\ i- a «rcai seaport likely to become a 
manufacturing center? (7 Where are the lumber and 
paper m.lu-.tn.', 1. .. v L t < ■• 1 ' 8) What industries would be 
must likely to be affected by the cost of land and power? 
9 What industries would !><■ most affected l>y convenience 
in assembling raw materials? 

People and Cities, (li Give a reason for the density 
of population in New York. (2) What proportion of the 
people live in cities? 3 How can you explain the rapid 
increase of city population? (4) When was Greater 
New York established? Name its five boroughs. (5) 
What causes can you give for the wonderful growth of 
New York City? 6) Tell something about its transpor- 
tation facilities. .7 How is New York connected with 
other parts of the country? (8) Name some of the 
trade districts of thi city. (9) Name the 
principal colleges of New York City. 10) Mention 

some of the other public institutions, parks, churches, 
eti m bief executive of the city govern- 

ment? (12) What body makes laws and ordinances 
concerning the city? (13) How are public officials 
chosen? 1 I) Name some of the important bureaus and 
departments of the city government. (15) What can 
you tell about tl " of these departments? 

16 \\!e-re and how does the city obtain water? (17) 

Why is Buffalo favorably located for manufactures and 
commerce? (18) Name some of t he leading manufactures. 
19 I ir what products is Buffalo a noted wholesale 
market.' Tell from what section of the country each of 
these products is brought 20 Describe the location 
i: n ter. 21 What advantages has it for manu- 
facturing? 22) What is the largest industry of ; 
to-day? Name other u 2 I w hj 

liester I n called the " Fli i 24 w h it 

hue- of transportation has Rochester'.' i'J.'i) Describe 

the location of Syracuse. (26) Name its leading manu- 
factures. (27) Where is the salt industry now located'.' 

28 How many men do the metal industries employ'.' 

29 What was the original settlement made on the Bite 

of location have 
ind the neighboring cities? 31) What arc the 
leading industries of Albany? (32) Make a list of the 
leading cities in the valley of the Hudson I 
the location of each, and mention the principal manu- 
factures and other points of interest. (33) Which of 
tional institution. ' ;i I 



\\ inch ..i i hi rn are noted for one class of maun 

only? (35) \\ hich of them are noted for mineral Bprings? 

16 Mike a hsl of the principal cities m the Mohawk 

Valley; describe then- location, and mention the chief 
Hues and other p.. mis ,,i interest about each. 

17 Which is the largest city along the Mohawl 
Make a list of the principal cities of the Lake Plain, 
describe the location of each, and mention its principal 

id "i hei points ol interest . (39) W Inch 
of these places is noted for its university? (40 i roi 
what does Lockport derive its nan e? il \l ike a list, 
of the important towns in the Plateau region, describe 

the location of each, and mention the principal manu- 

md other points of interest. (2 Winch is the 
largest city of thi What two towns near 

Binghamton are noted for shoes' H Make a list of 

the important towns of northi rn New York, describe the 

location of each, and mention the principal manufactures 
and other points of interest. 

History. 1 1 I Who were the first discoverers and settlers 
in the Hudson River Valley? (2) How was the land 
along the river divided? (3) What can you sa 
rule of the Dutch government? I When did the Eng- 
lish take possession of the colony'.' (5) What Indian 
tnlies had possession of I lie cent ral and 
tin' state'.' What now remains of these tribes and where 

do they live'.' (6) What events of the Revolutionary 

War took place m New York Stale' What i venl 
War of 1812? 

Government. (1) What instrument describes the 
government of the state? (2) Into how man} parts is 

the I lonstitiltion divided'.' {'.',) What subjects are treated 

in \rticle I" (4) What subjects are treated in Article II? 

(5) Summarize the contents ,,f each of the remaining 

articles of the Constitution. (6) Describe the mi 
making laws. (7) Name some of the duties of tl 
ernor. (8) Name some of the duties of e 
elected state officers. (9) Name some of thi officers and 

hoards appointed by the Governor, ami describe their 

duties. Ill)) Name the state court-, 11 HOW arc the 

judges for these courts chosen? (12) Describi the courts 
,,f the county and town. (13) For what purposes may 

the state borrow money'.' iltl What is meant by the 

State Militia? (15) Name some of the public institu- 
tions belonging to the stale. 

Education. (1) What grades of schools are included 
in the educational system? (2) What is the s,,iallcst 
unit in this system? Name thi officers of a school dis- 
trict. (3) What an- tin- duties of a district superintend- 
ent? I What schools are next above tin- rural and 

elementary school-? (5) What schools arc provided for 
Ho Hi ges and uni- 

versities iii the state'.' What professional departments 

do some of these have'.' (7) Name some of the Colleges 
.me of those for women, and some which admit 

3 What provision is made for teaching 

agriculture? CM Name some of the towns which have 

agricultural schools. (10) What work is done by the 
iral societies,' ii what oih.r kinds of schools 
belong to the state sy.-i m Board of 

Regents? What officer is at the head of the State Educa- 
tional System'' (13) What examinations are conducted 
by the Board of Regents? 

Suggestions and Problems. (1) The first settlement 
on Manhattan Island was made for the purpose ol 

with the Indians: why was the location favorable In this 
trade? (2) < 'an you explain why the valley of the Hudson 



42 



INCORPORATED CITIES OF NEW YORK 



and the Central Valley are the most thickly settled parts 
of the state? (3) Name the industries that are apt to 
grow up along lines of transportation, but which would 
lie impossible without these transportation routes. (4) 
Why are the cheese factories and creameries of the state 
in the far northern and western parts rather than in the 
central and eastern parts? (5) What industries of New 
York are favored by the navigable water boundaries? 

(6) Compare the advantages of the Adirondack and the 
Catskill Mountains for entertaining summer visitors. 

(7) What advantages has Long Island for truck farming? 

(8) What advantages came to New York through the 
action of the great glacier? (9) Judging from the surface 
features of the state, where do you think railroads would 
naturally be built first? What considerations led to the 
building of railroads? (10) Can you think of any way 
in which railroads have helped to increase manufactur- 
ing? (11) What manufacturing industries would natu- 
rally spring up in the northern part of the state? In the 
western part? Along the lakes? (12) What conditions 
along the Hudson River have favored the manufacture 
of brick and tile? (13) What manufactures have grown 
up in New York City which would be difficult in an inland 
town? (14) What manufactures depend less on location 
than on the ability to obtain skilled labor? (15) What 
conditions favor the tanning industry? The ice industry? 



The wood pulp and paper industry? (16) What parts 
of the state are especially devoted to canning and pre- 
serving'.' Can you give any reason for this location? 
(17) Why did the building of the Erie Canal make New 
York the metropolis of the country? (18) Why is it 
difficult to build railroads in an air line? Why is it usually 
unprofitable to do so? (19) What advantages for growth 
has Buffalo that are not enjoyed by Albany? (20) What 
natural advantages favor cotton industries? (21) What 
advantages favor the manufacture of clothing? (22) Why 
do you think Gloversville is entirely devoted to the 
manufacture of gloves and mittens? (23) What condi- 
tions are favorable to the quarrying industry? (24) What 
parts of the state furnish the most milk for city use? 
(25) Suppose you wished to establish a nursery or seed 
gardens; in what part of the state would you find the 
best location? (26) Describe several ways in which you 
might travel from New York to Buffalo. (27) By what 
railroads could you go from Plattsburg to Binghamton 
by way of Syracuse? (28) How could you go by water 
from New York City to Thousand Island Park? (29) 
What products would you expect to find on boats 
coming from Canada by the canals? (30) What pro- 
ducts would you expect to find on railroads running 
from Pennsylvania to the manufacturing cities of New 
York? 



INCORPORATED CITIES OF NEW YORK AND STATISTICS 



Ctiiea 


Population 

State Census 
1915 


Leading Facts and Products 


Newburgh 

NewRochelle 

New York 1 

Niagara Falls 

North Tonawanda 


27.S76 

31,758 

5,047,221 

42,257 

13,498 

S.342 

14,338 
17,925 

9,461 
10.474 
25,426 

10,134 

9,413 

32,714 

11,210 
248,465 

21,926 
13,792 

8,370 

80,381 
145,293 

9,147 

75.4S8 

80.589 

26.S95 

14,990 

19,287 
90,948 


Men's tailoring, engines, boilers, wool 
and felt hats, woolens. 




107,979 
34,319 
32,468 
13.27S 

10,165 

53.66S 

454,630 

7,501 

23,433 

13,459 

12,367 
17.S70 
40,093 

11,138 
13,232 

16,323 

21.178 
14,352 

11,544 
16,750 

37,780 

10.6S7 
26,354 

15,737 
13,022 
18.693 
16,381 

37.5S3 


Metals, machinery and conveyances, 

clothing, millinery, printing. 
Cottons, woolens, hosiery and knit 

goods, carpets and rugs. 
Agricultural machinery, cordage and 

twine, boots and shoes. 
Farm machinery, lumber products, 

boots and shoes, canning, sheet 

Men's hats, clay products, rubber 
goods, castings and machines. 

Cigars, tobacco products, boots and 
shoes, metals, machinery. 

Meat-packing, castings and machines, 
flour, mill products, automobiles. 

Sheet iron work, canning and pre- 
serving. 

Cotton goods, woolen hosiery and 
knit goods, men's shirts and collars. 

Glassware, silk goods, railway repairs, 
clay products. 

Steel, corsets, and hardware. 

Locomotives, stoves, silk goods. 

Automobiles and parts, railway re- 
pair shops, printing and books. 

Woolens, paper, firearms. 

Optical goods, engines, stoves, cutlery. 

Shirts, collars, paper, women's cloth- 
ing. 

Leather gloves and mittens. 

Silk, goods, railway repairs, house 

Cement, hosiery, machinery. 

Printing, forgings, men's clothing. 

Furniture, upholstery, woolens, wors- 
teds, metal furniture. 

Gloves, mittens, leather, furs. 

Cigars, other tobacco products, men's 
shirts, collars, white goods. 

Steel, railroad repairs. 

Cottons, knit goods, leather, bicycles. 

Paper goods, printing, hardware, glass. 

Railway repairs, white goods, leather. 

Silverware, women's dresses and 

\v;tiM>, [ii:i(*hinrr\ . bn-ud 




Amsterdam 


Clothing, printing, meat-packing, 

casting, machines, tobacco. 
Chemicals, electrical apparatus, sil- 
verware, abrasives, pulp, paper. 
Lumber products, silk goods, ma- 
chinery. 
Chemicals, railway repair shops, hos- 
iery, and knit goods. 
Silks, smoking pipes, house trim. 
Railway repairs, oils, leather, glass. 
Caskets, tobacco, hardware, furniture. 
Railroad repairs, men's clothing. 
Engines, boilers, hosiery, knit goods, 

railway repairs. 
Automobiles, men's shirts, collars, 

white goods, pulp, paper. 
Railroad repairs, silk goods, silver- 
Agricultural machinery, men's tailor- 
ing, cigars, other tobacco products. 
Railroad repairs, felt goods. 
Clothing, boots, shoes, castings, ma- 
chines, printing, flour. 
Metal goods, cottons, steel, furniture. 
Silk goods, machinery, famous water- 
Furniture, upholstery, leather, rail- 
road repairs. 
Electrical apparatus, locomotives. 








* ►gdetisburg 




Rmirluiiiiton 










< 'aiiundaigua 


Plattsburg 

Port Jervis 

Poughkeepsie 

Rensselaer 

Rochester 














Saratoga Springs . . 

Salamanca 

Schenectady 




Glens Falls 

Gloversville 




Tonawanda 


clothing, shoes, pottery. 
Pulp, paper, pig iron, rolling mills, 

steel-works. 
Men's shirts, collars, white goods, 

steel-works, horseshoes. 
Textiles, metals, machinery, convey- 


[thaca 








Watertown 

Watervliet 

White Plains 


Lackawanna 

Little Falls 

Lockport 

Miilciletown 


Car wheels, railway equipment, ma- 
chinery, pulp, paper. 

Castings, cannons, railway repairs, 
shirts, collars. 

Center of trade, historical associations. 

Textiles, metals, machinery, convey- 
ances, foods, tobacco. 







(.; 



[N( ORPOR VTED \ II. I VGES OF NEW Yt 



Erie 
< Orleans 



Alexandria Bay 
\ 

\ 



B 
I : 
Baldwinsville 



Bolivar 
Boonville 



■ 



Livingston 
Washington 

Canajoharie Montgomery 

Canastota Madison 

■ 

Si Lawrence 

Cape Vincent h 

Carthage 
1 

i ireene . . 



Cattaraugus. . . 

Casenovia 

Cedarhurat ... 

Champlain 

Charlotte 

1 
I 
I 
Chittenango. . . 

1 ■ 

I 



Cattaraugus 

Franklin 

Madison 
Jefferson 

Ontario- . . 



Clinton I tat ida 

■ 
i 
Cooperate* 

1 
CornwaU-on-Hudaoi 

1 
■ 

Cuba Ulegany 

Danaville Livingston 



canned Roods. 

■ urn. rubble. 
Evaporated 

B 

Residential si I 
Silk, cutlery 

Kailroad repairs. 

I 

Printing, cl 

Icrwear. 
Brick, ships. 

lit preserving. 
W hips, cam ■ 
Separators, casein 
Pumping mai I 

springs 
Leather, castings, paper. 

idd< rs, bathing 

. i . . . 

Manufactures and trade. 
Chairs, silk. 
Condensed milk, railroad 

Laundering. 

Shoes, pianos, canned goods. 
Kailmad center. 
Leather, electrical control- 
lers 
Fertilizers, tag 
Plows, Beeds, 
Furniture, knit goods. 

Canned goods, cut glass. 
Silk, leather, 

center. 
Machinery, furniture. 

. paper board. 
Hosiery, knit goods, clay 

products 
Dairy machint 

Canning, printing presses, 
and trade. 
Bookbinding. 

Paper, milk. 

Shirts. 

Cheese 

Canned vegetables 

I 'run. 

■ i goods: eele- 

■ 

■ i aU r 
Printing, milk products. 
Pulp, paper, shirts. 

Brass valves, monuments. 
, tubing, 
pulleys. 

Felt gOOdS, ! 

duets. 

Railroad sup] li< 

iparatus. 






1,754 

2.062 
1,327 

2 780 
1,1.1 
1,138 
1,194 
1,057 

1,92 i 
2,013 



J.J ii' 

2,243 
1,645 
1,018 



: 



Fast Rockaway 

■ 

I 

Elmira Heights. , 



Frankfort 

Franklin ville. 
Fredonia 
1 
Friendship 



< rouverneur 



i 

( Greenwich 
Hamburg 



Hancock 
Hastings-on-Hui 



Haverstraw 

■ 

Herkimer 



Holley 
Hooeick Palls. 



II .rsehi ads 

Hudson Falls. 



Herkimer 

Chautauqua 






Herkimer .v 

Fulton 
J 



Chemung 






Printing, farm 

Cotton and knit goods, iron 

or, time re- 
Sheet iron, canning, cans. 

Picture frami 

Furniture, up] 

Printing. 

Brooms, glove and shoe 

linings 

Pulp, pap- i 
* 'otton goods, h 

Machinery, tools. 



■ 

.\ I rie 

Chenango. . . 
Suffolk 



I 



K--n.--e]:i.T 



Chemung. . . 
Washington 
Herkimer. . . 

■ i 
Clinton & 

I 
I 



Boat fittings. 

Stove-., trim. 

Canning 

Pipe fittings, cigars. 

1 

Leather, glue, 

1 

Furniture, in >n 

Engines, boilers, laundering. 
Brick, terra i i I 
Hosiery, knit goods, linens. 
Typewriters, machinery. 

Canning, bottn 

Canning, knit goods. 

ines, wine. 
Cut glass, excelsior. 

and bronsa 

B 

Car repairing, trim. 

Office furnil 

goods, I.' ■ ■ 
Manufaeturcs, trade. 

ar wheels, railroad 

switches. 
Canned goods. 
Shirts, cat • 

■-. furniture. 

Brnk. hard* 

machinery, 

shirts, lumber. 

furniture. 
Local trade. 



INVORPORATED VILLAINS OF NEW YORK — Continued 



Lestershire 

Liberty 

Little Valley. 
Liverpool 



Mamaroneck. 
Manchester. . 

Manlius 

Marathon 



Medina 



Mexico 

Middleburg. . . . 
Middleport 

Miilbrook 

Mineola 

Mohawk 

Monroe 

Monticello 

Montour Falls . 

Moravia 



New Berlin .... 
New Hartford.. 

NewPaltz 

North Collins. . 
North Pelham. . 

Northport 

North Tarrytow 

Northville 

Norwood 

Nunda 

Nyack 

Oakfield 

Ossining 

Owego 

Oxford 

Painted Post . . . 
Palmyra 



Sullivan . . . 
Cattaraugus 
Onondaga . 
Lewis 



Westchester 

Ontario 

Onondaga 
Cortland . . . 



Oswego 
Schoharie 
Niagara . . 

Dutehe.-s 



Herkimer 

Sullivan 
Schuyler. 



Chenango. . . 

Oneida 

Ulster 

Erie 
Westchester 

Suffolk 

Westchestei 

Fulton 

St. Lawrence 
Livingston. . 
Rockland. . . 

Genesee 

Westchester 

Chenango . . . 

Steuben 

Wayne 

Suffolk 

Dutchess 

U t -frlie-ter 



4,570 

1,594 
1,319 
2,469 

4,506 
1,050 
15,502 

1,115 



Iron eastings, edge tools, 
brick. 

Residential. 

Residential and trade. 

Cabinet work. 

Groceries, cotton goods, salt, 
medicines. 

Shoes, cameras, felt goods. 

Health resort. 

Cutlery. 

Residential and trade. 

Furniture, caskets, ma- 
chinery. 

Residential. 

Pickling, silk gloves, can- 
g- 

Evaporated apples. 

Men's clothing, paper, rail- 
way repairs. 

Rubber coats and tissue. 

Engine repairing. 

castings, canning. 
I machines, leather. 

Furniture. 

Paper, elay products, cotton 

irniture, upholstery, can- 
ning, hardware. 

Canned goods. 

Residential. 

Preserved fruits, lumber. 

Residential. 

Electricity, embroidery. 

Hosiery, knit goods. 

Pipe fittings, cheese. 

Leather, silk gloves. 

Electric cranes, hardware, 
bridges. 

Barrel heads, evaporated 
apples. 

Canning, cans, seeding ma- 
Evaporated apples. 
Paper goods, canning, furni- 

Dress silks, condensed milk. 
Hosiery, knit goods, paper. 
Brick. 
Brick. 

Printing and books. 
Summer resort. 
Automobiles and parts. 
Glass, lumber. 
Pulp and paper. 
Concrete mixers, caskets. 
Shoes, sewing machines. 
Plaster, beans, canning. 
Printing, porous plasters, 

SUk gloves, cycles, wagons, 
a chimneys. 

Milk, baskets, skirts. 

compressors, bridges. 

Rubber goods, valve pack- 
ing. 

Laces, curtains, house trim. 

Milk. 

Stoves, hats, women's 
clothing. 

Residential. 

Fruit baskets, wrapping 
ler, shoes. 

Knit goods, cutlery. 

Canning, preserving, grain 
drills. 



Philmont Columbii 

Phoenix Oswego .... 

Piermont Rockland 

Pittsford Monroe 

Pleasantville Westchester 

Port Byron JCayuga 

Port Chester Westchester 



Port Henry [Essex. . 

Potsdam St. Lawrence 

Pulaski Oswego 

Randolph Cattaraugus 



Ravena 

Rhinebeck 

Richfield Springs . 
Rockville Center. 

Rouses Point 

Rye 

Sag Harbor 

St. Johnsville. . . . 



Saugerties . . . 
Scarsdale. . . . 

Schoharie 

Schuylerville. 

Scotia 

Sea Cliff 

Seneca Falls. 



Sidney 

Silver Creek . 

Skaneateles . 

Sloan 

Solvay 



South Nyack. 
Spring Valley . 
Springville. - . . 



Stillwater. . 
Suffern . . 
Tarrytown. 



Theresa 

Ticonderoga . . 

Tivoli 

Trumansburg . 
Tuckahoe 

Tupper Lake.. 



Wappingers Falls 



Albany, . . . 
Dutchess . . . 

Otsego 

Nassau .... 
Clinton . . 
Westchester 

Suffolk 

Montgomery 



Franklin. 
Saratoga. 



Lister 

Westchester 
Schoharie. . . 
Saratoga 
Schenectady 
Nassau 



Delaware 
Chautauqu 

< timudaga . 

< ►nt.ndaga. 



I{..cklaiid 
K-.i klaml 

Erie 



Delaware &, 
Schoharie . . 
Saratoga 



Dutchess. . . 

Tompkins 

Westchester 



Bn ome 

Columbia 
< tntario. . . 



J.JM 



, lumber. 



Hosiery and knit goods. 
Paper, silk winding. 
Paper board. 
Evaporated apples. 
Residential. 

129 Hardware, sheets, pillow 

Pig iron. 

. brushes, paper. 
Cabinet work, tables. 
Evaporated apples, eider, 

condensed milk, furniture. 
Railway repair shops. 
Residential. 
Knit goods, trim. 
Gloves, ice. 
Elect roty ping 
Residential. 
Jewelry, silverware. 
Knit goods, player pianos, 

organs. 
Shirts, collars. 



Paper goods. 

Residential. 

Crushed and cut stone, 
gloves, knit goods. 

Residential. 

Seaside resort. 

Pumps, engines, boilers, 
machinery. 

Cotton yarn, knit goods. 

Wheels, carriages, wagons, 
ensilage cutters. 

Silk gloves and linings, ar- 
ticles of wood. 

Machinery, canned goods, 
furniture. 

Paper, cigars. 

Railway repairs, fertilizers. 

Soda, chemicals, coke prod- 
ucts, castings. 

Summer resort. 

Paper, lumber, waists, 
dresses. 
?sidential. 

Silks, pipes, raincoats. 

Canning, cutlery, condensed 



Picturesque village. 
Collars, leather board. 

Is, perfumery. 
Carpet and egg beaters, 

children's dresses. 
Residential. 

Pulp, paper, graphite, shirts. 
Residential, trade. 
Foods, silk. 
Rubber coats, concrete, 

Barrel staves, saw-mill 
products. 

Silos, cigars. 

Carriage forgings. 

Hosiery, knit goods. 

Porcelain insulators, can- 
ning. 

Cutlery, men's clothing. 

Knit goods, wood novelties, 
evaporated milk^ 
ock finishing, overalls. 

Hosiery, knit goods, buttons. 



MINERAL PRODUCTION OF MW YORK 



[NCORPOR \l ED \ II l \'.i> "I NEVA YORK 
t 'onh 





County 








Orange 


2.505 


K:tlKv;i\ r : 






3,047 










and finishini 


■ 














Canning, hi 




Schuyler 


2.760 








5.119 




Wavland 




1,699 








1.439 








L.448 


■'■ 


Wellsville 


Uleganj 










1,587 








3.319 


grape juice . 


•straw . . 


Rockland 




!: : ' 








Silk spinning, railroad re- 
















Hosiery, knit goods, desks, 
: niturc. 






1,272 


i ielatine 




Oneida 






Yorkville 





INDIAN RESERVATIONS AND POPULATION 



Allegany . . Cattaraugus. 

I inondaga . 

Suffolk 

- :'!"!k 

ranklin. . . . 
Tonawands 



Total Indians i 



FARM PRODUCTS OF NEW YORK 















































I \i:\! PRODI CTS 01 M w YORK 



i:. 









































31,000,01 


3,407,000 


1910 








2.704, 


Rye (1915 






Barley (1915 











1,418,000 






1,164,000 






W7.IKHI 




1,207 




1910) 


5, ,0 


900,000 




272.00 








519.000 














" 








1, 186 


250.000 




133,000 bus. 




\\ Hie 'Hid 


347.0 














59,000 



















MINERAL PRODI ' I [< ■'■ OF NEW YORK IN 1914 




Quantity 






943,241 M. 














8,714,681 
































1 77:i 671 




1,247,404 








































151,143 












115,117 
















12,424 

































SOME USEFUL BOOKS OF REFERENCE 



Bardeen. A Brief Geography of the Empire State 
Brigham. From Trail to Railway. 

The Geography of New York. 
Carpenter. North America. 
Davis. West From a Car Window. 
George. Relations of Geography and History. 
Hendrick. A Brief History of the Empire State. 
Herbertson. Man and His Work. 



Lovbring. Stories of New York. 

Miller & Davis. Geography of New York City. 

Niver. Geography of New York City. 

Prentice. History of New York State. 

Roberts. New York (2 vols.). 

Tarr. The Physical Geography of New York. 

Todd. A Brief History of the City of New York. 

Young. Civil Government of New York. 



STATISTICS OF COUNTIES 



Allegany 

< lattaraugua, 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua 
Chemung. . . . 
Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 
Cortland . . . 
Delaware .... 
Dutchess .... 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson .... 
Kings 

Livingston . . . 
Madison .... 

Montgomery . 

New York'. '.'. 
Niagara 

Onondaga . . 
Ontario 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer . . . 
Richmond 

Rockland 

St. Lawrence. 

Saratoga 

Schenectady. . 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Steuben 

Suffolk 

Sullivan ...... 

Tioga 

Tomkins 

Ulster 

\\ :i:-li]MKlull 

Westchester 
W yoming 



90,641 

72,750 
65,751 

111'.. MS 



30,074 
45,995 
91,044 
571,897 
32,461 
46,181 
45,625 
40,707 
30,091 
4,491 

8L009 
1,798,513 

25,947 
38,427 
41,742 

319,310 
61,030 

116,825 
2.137.747 

108,550 

167,331 

213,992 
54,628 

118,118 
33,919 
75,929 
48,534 
12,767 

390,727 



90,291 
62,982 
98,625 
23,005 
13. 'Til 
25,249 
83,030 
104,342 
38,189 
25,549 
36,535 
85,367 
32,977 
46,955 
53,476 
321,713 
33.02S 
18,841 
i",iis7,744 



Albany 
Belmont 
New York City 

Little Valley 

Auburn 

MayviUe 

Norwich 

Plattsburg 

Hudson 

Cortland 

Delhi 

Poughkeepsie 

Buffalo 

Elizabethtown 

Malone 

Johnstown 

Batavia 

Catskill 

Lake Pleasant 

Herkimer 

Watertown 

Brooklyn 

Lowville 

Oeneseo 

Wampsville 

Rochester 

Mineola 

New York City 

Lockport 

Utica 

Syracuse 

Canandaigua 

Goshen 

Albion 

Oswego 

Cooperstown 

Carmel 

Jamaica 

Troy 

Richmond 

New City 

I 'antoii 

Ballston Spa 

Schenectady 

Schoharie 

Wat kins 

Waterloo 

Bath 

Riverhead 

Monticello 

Ithaca 

Lake George 
Hudson Falls 
Lynns 

White Plains 
Warsaw 
IVnn Yan 



16,( 



.,991 



30.270,050 
20.915,448 
13,7 18,499 

10.288,587 
20.912.Oli0 
18,116,645 
19.819,309 
13,171,013 
27.714.855 



29.439,072 
0.589,380 
l.s. 159.93 I 
34,481,902 
00,150.044 
23.178.370 
15.570.7U3 



7.015.712 
1.527.279 

3,:i9s.9o:j 

2.889,128 
3.411.089 
2,225,408 
4,020,100 
4.354.570 
7,210,450 
1.101,798 
2,904,100 
1.200.891 
3,970,161 

2.207,795 

200,907 

2,847,012 

5,691,706 

518,632 

4,830,161 

3,986,117 
9,349,900 
2,073,527 
2,541,508 

184,420 
6,497,002 
5,887,075 
5,715,757 
0,082.295 
3. '.109,009 
5,040,374 
3,709,543 
4,962,498 

726,150 
2.444.S35 
3.257,077 

420,523 

715.187 
7,211,750 
2,531,122 



3.205,020 
1,580,007 
2,542,752 
0,037,800 
3,081,470 
1.909,030 
1,787,052 



0,000,021 
2,400,930 
3,949.947 

2,582,578 



2.097,010 
1.900,000 
3.920,238 
5,296,830 

1,240.054 
4,437,459 
2,690,444 

2,320,081 
2,010,209 
5.410,527 
3,699,803 
5,535.878 
1,445,735 
2,083,209 
1,079,357 
2,915,162 
1,724,176 
196,649 
5, 031, so;, 
0,005,445 

51,418 
3.080,385 
3.405,228 
4.224.075 
4,003,352 
4,003,352 
957,237 

79,411 
3.334,662 
0.277,000 
5.115,166 
3,549.802 
4,654,754 
2.581,228 



500,375 

2,551,432 

131,465 



1,900,250 

1,408,047 

2,019,637 

1.813,857 
1,991,275 
2,719.090 
713,824 
3,058,970 
3,518,521 



-l \l [STICS 01 LEA] 



M \\i FAC1 URES l OR L91 I 

Bureau) 



("lothiiii;. 

Printing and publish 

Foundry 
shop pi 

king . 
Baker) pi 

Liquors 

rid knil n.> 
Flour and mill product* 

■ ■ ducts 

Pulp and i ; 
Iron and iU 

i: K. repairs 
Furnishing - 
Copper, nn, and ir«.i 

■ 
1 

tnned 
Photograph] 

1 

1 . .....1 prepai &1 i m - 

■ 

Soap 

Carpets and ruirs 

■ 

Jewelry 

i' ■ 
■ 

Cotton goods 



27. .V,l 

■ ■■ ■ 



" 



















1.91 1, 


148,106,000 


17,641,000 






88.080, 1 








78,229, 




77,409,000 








72,329,000 


i:,.712.ihh> 


71,413.000 


12,832,000 





12,540 
8,757 

5,051 
14,192 






5 180.1 

V."-Y 

.•.'cr.iniii 

1.7(,.'.IHHI 

I 126,000 

2.132, 

2,2^2 

947,000 



3.s72.<hh> 







I I,-.'.' HUM 



l-'^77, 

t.'.l 1.".. 



34.H7II.IKHI 

33.n72.11no 

31,884,000 

:ii,i;7.-..iHin 



-" I. -T. 1,1 II Ml 



-•7,-. 





21.7l'7.nnn 






Flowers and 

i 
implement; 

Mall 

I.ik'hiin^ I. 
I 

Rubbei goi d 

I I i'. | In 

■ Utlery 

Hats, fur and fell 

I 

Wire 

I 

ItiMrum, u' 
M, T.I :■-,.! 

Will plastei 

Shades ai I 





2..V.I7 






1,384 

.'/INS 

1,027 

2.236 
2,24 . 






1.279,000 
2.146, 

1.21.I.IKHI 



1.S2I.1HHI 

1,479, 

812.000 

1,457,000 
163, 



15,716,000 
15,330.000 



10.182,000 

8,290,000 
7,821,000 

7.143.000 



ii.i.n.'i.iHHi 

5.779.000 
5,662,000 
5,416,000 

5 247,000 



,,...',, 



■ 



; '■' IM&Mi ":■:' W$ ^fllll 



